Index: doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/allocator.tex =================================================================== --- doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/allocator.tex (revision 4f7ad4b79278b9346390559ce6de4adf4cbb0e8f) +++ doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/allocator.tex (revision 16d397ad093e8d4fb6f1f865130ffe79f992d4af) @@ -651,6 +651,6 @@ The following API was created to provide interaction between the language runtime and the allocator. \begin{lstlisting} -void startTask(); $\C{// KT starts}$ -void finishTask(); $\C{// KT ends}$ +void startThread(); $\C{// KT starts}$ +void finishThread(); $\C{// KT ends}$ void startup(); $\C{// when application code starts}$ void shutdown(); $\C{// when application code ends}$ Index: doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/background.tex =================================================================== --- doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/background.tex (revision 4f7ad4b79278b9346390559ce6de4adf4cbb0e8f) +++ doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/background.tex (revision 16d397ad093e8d4fb6f1f865130ffe79f992d4af) @@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ \end{comment} -\chapter[Background]{Background\footnote{Part of this chapter draws from similar background work in~\cite{wasik.thesis} with many updates.}} +\chapter[Background]{Background\footnote{Part of this chapter draws from similar background work in~\cite{Wasik08} with many updates.}} @@ -213,5 +213,5 @@ \paragraph{\newterm{Program-induced false-sharing}} occurs when one thread passes an object sharing a cache line to another thread, and both threads modify the respective objects. -\VRef[Figure]{f:ProgramInducedFalseSharing} shows when Task$_1$ passes Object$_2$ to Task$_2$, a false-sharing situation forms when Task$_1$ modifies Object$_1$ and Task$_2$ modifies Object$_2$. +\VRef[Figure]{f:ProgramInducedFalseSharing} shows when Thread$_1$ passes Object$_2$ to Thread$_2$, a false-sharing situation forms when Thread$_1$ modifies Object$_1$ and Thread$_2$ modifies Object$_2$. Changes to Object$_1$ invalidate CPU$_2$'s cache line, and changes to Object$_2$ invalidate CPU$_1$'s cache line. @@ -237,11 +237,11 @@ \paragraph{\newterm{Allocator-induced active false-sharing}} occurs when objects are allocated within the same cache line but to different threads. -For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedActiveFalseSharing}, each task allocates an object and loads a cache-line of memory into its associated cache. +For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedActiveFalseSharing}, each thread allocates an object and loads a cache-line of memory into its associated cache. Again, changes to Object$_1$ invalidate CPU$_2$'s cache line, and changes to Object$_2$ invalidate CPU$_1$'s cache line. \paragraph{\newterm{Allocator-induced passive false-sharing}} is another form of allocator-induced false-sharing caused by program-induced false-sharing. When an object in a program-induced false-sharing situation is deallocated, a future allocation of that object may cause passive false-sharing. -For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedPassiveFalseSharing}, Task$_1$ passes Object$_2$ to Task$_2$, and Task$_2$ subsequently deallocates Object$_2$. -Allocator-induced passive false-sharing occurs when Object$_2$ is reallocated to Task$_2$ while Task$_1$ is still using Object$_1$. +For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedPassiveFalseSharing}, Thread$_1$ passes Object$_2$ to Thread$_2$, and Thread$_2$ subsequently deallocates Object$_2$. +Allocator-induced passive false-sharing occurs when Object$_2$ is reallocated to Thread$_2$ while Thread$_1$ is still using Object$_1$. @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ Ownership prevents the classical problem where one thread performs allocations from one heap, passes the object to another thread, and the receiving thread deallocates the object to another heap, hence draining the initial heap of storage. As well, allocator-induced passive false-sharing is eliminated because returning an object to its owner heap means it can never be allocated to another thread. -For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedPassiveFalseSharing}, the deallocation by Task$_2$ returns Object$_2$ back to Task$_1$'s heap; -hence a subsequent allocation by Task$_2$ cannot return this storage. -The disadvantage of ownership is deallocating to another task's heap so heaps are no longer private and require locks to provide safe concurrent access. +For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedPassiveFalseSharing}, the deallocation by Thread$_2$ returns Object$_2$ back to Thread$_1$'s heap; +hence a subsequent allocation by Thread$_2$ cannot return this storage. +The disadvantage of ownership is deallocating to another thread's heap so heaps are no longer private and require locks to provide safe concurrent access. Object ownership can be immediate or delayed, meaning free objects may be batched on a separate free list either by the returning or receiving thread. @@ -472,6 +472,6 @@ It is possible for heaps to steal objects rather than return them and reallocating these objects when storage runs out on a heap. However, stealing can result in passive false-sharing. -For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedPassiveFalseSharing}, Object$_2$ may be deallocated to Task$_2$'s heap initially. -If Task$_2$ reallocates Object$_2$ before it is returned to its owner heap, then passive false-sharing may occur. +For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:AllocatorInducedPassiveFalseSharing}, Object$_2$ may be deallocated to Thread$_2$'s heap initially. +If Thread$_2$ reallocates Object$_2$ before it is returned to its owner heap, then passive false-sharing may occur. @@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ Additional restrictions may be applied to the movement of containers to prevent active false-sharing. -For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:ContainerFalseSharing1}, a container being used by Task$_1$ changes ownership, through the global heap. -In \VRef[Figure]{f:ContainerFalseSharing2}, when Task$_2$ allocates an object from the newly acquired container it is actively false-sharing even though no objects are passed among threads. -Note, once the object is freed by Task$_1$, no more false sharing can occur until the container changes ownership again. +For example, in \VRef[Figure]{f:ContainerFalseSharing1}, a container being used by Thread$_1$ changes ownership, through the global heap. +In \VRef[Figure]{f:ContainerFalseSharing2}, when Thread$_2$ allocates an object from the newly acquired container it is actively false-sharing even though no objects are passed among threads. +Note, once the object is freed by Thread$_1$, no more false sharing can occur until the container changes ownership again. To prevent this form of false sharing, container movement may be restricted to when all objects in the container are free. One implementation approach that increases the freedom to return a free container to the operating system involves allocating containers using a call like @mmap@, which allows memory at an arbitrary address to be returned versus only storage at the end of the contiguous @sbrk@ area, again pushing storage management complexity back to the operating system. @@ -683,9 +683,9 @@ For thread heaps with ownership, it is possible to combine these approaches into a hybrid approach with both private and public heaps (see~\VRef[Figure]{f:HybridPrivatePublicHeap}). The main goal of the hybrid approach is to eliminate locking on thread-local allocation/deallocation, while providing ownership to prevent heap blowup. -In the hybrid approach, a task first allocates from its private heap and second from its public heap if no free memory exists in the private heap. -Similarly, a task first deallocates an object its private heap, and second to the public heap. +In the hybrid approach, a thread first allocates from its private heap and second from its public heap if no free memory exists in the private heap. +Similarly, a thread first deallocates an object its private heap, and second to the public heap. Both private and public heaps can allocate/deallocate to/from the global heap if there is no free memory or excess free memory, although an implementation may choose to funnel all interaction with the global heap through one of the heaps. Note, deallocation from the private to the public (dashed line) is unlikely because there is no obvious advantages unless the public heap provides the only interface to the global heap. -Finally, when a task frees an object it does not own, the object is either freed immediately to its owner's public heap or put in the freeing task's private heap for delayed ownership, which allows the freeing task to temporarily reuse an object before returning it to its owner or batch objects for an owner heap into a single return. +Finally, when a thread frees an object it does not own, the object is either freed immediately to its owner's public heap or put in the freeing thread's private heap for delayed ownership, which allows the freeing thread to temporarily reuse an object before returning it to its owner or batch objects for an owner heap into a single return. \begin{figure} @@ -746,5 +746,5 @@ \label{s:LockFreeOperations} -A \newterm{lock-free algorithm} guarantees safe concurrent-access to a data structure, so that at least one thread makes progress, but an individual task has no execution bound and may starve~\cite[pp.~745--746]{Herlihy93}. +A \newterm{lock-free algorithm} guarantees safe concurrent-access to a data structure, so that at least one thread makes progress, but an individual thread has no execution bound and may starve~\cite[pp.~745--746]{Herlihy93}. (A \newterm{wait-free algorithm} puts a bound on the number of steps any thread takes to complete an operation to prevent starvation.) Lock-free operations can be used in an allocator to reduce or eliminate the use of locks. @@ -759,8 +759,8 @@ -\subsubsection{Speed Workload} -The worload method uses the opposite approach. It calls the allocator's routines for a specific amount of time and measures how much work was done during that time. Then, similar to the time method, it divides the time by the workload done during that time and calculates the average time taken by the allocator's routine. -*** FIX ME: Insert a figure of above benchmark with description - -\paragraph{Knobs} -*** FIX ME: Insert Knobs +% \subsubsection{Speed Workload} +% The worload method uses the opposite approach. It calls the allocator's routines for a specific amount of time and measures how much work was done during that time. Then, similar to the time method, it divides the time by the workload done during that time and calculates the average time taken by the allocator's routine. +% *** FIX ME: Insert a figure of above benchmark with description +% +% \paragraph{Knobs} +% *** FIX ME: Insert Knobs Index: doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/figures/AllocInducedActiveFalseSharing.fig =================================================================== --- doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/figures/AllocInducedActiveFalseSharing.fig (revision 4f7ad4b79278b9346390559ce6de4adf4cbb0e8f) +++ doc/theses/mubeen_zulfiqar_MMath/figures/AllocInducedActiveFalseSharing.fig (revision 16d397ad093e8d4fb6f1f865130ffe79f992d4af) @@ -1,54 +1,54 @@ -#FIG 3.2 Produced by xfig version 3.2.5 +#FIG 3.2 Produced by xfig version 3.2.7b Landscape Center Inches -Letter +Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 -6 2250 2400 4050 2700 +6 2550 2700 4350 3000 2 2 0 1 0 7 50 -1 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 - 2250 2400 3150 2400 3150 2700 2250 2700 2250 2400 + 2550 2700 3450 2700 3450 3000 2550 3000 2550 2700 2 2 0 1 0 7 50 -1 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 - 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