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parser.yy @ 7006ba5

ADTarm-ehast-experimentalenumforall-pointer-decayjacob/cs343-translationjenkins-sandboxnew-astnew-ast-unique-exprpthread-emulationqualifiedEnum

Last change on this file since 7006ba5 was d912bed, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 4 years ago
harmonize SynTree/LinkageSpec?.* with AST/LinkageSpec.*
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 135.5 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Dec 16 15:32:58 2019
13	// Update Count : 4409
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
46
47	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
48
49	#include <cstdio>
50	#include <stack>
51	using namespace std;
52
53	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
54	#include "ParseNode.h"
55	#include "TypedefTable.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
59	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
62	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
63	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
64
65	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
66
67	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
68	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
69	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
70	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
71	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
72	//
73	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
74	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
75	// i.e., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
76
77	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
78	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
79	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
80	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
81	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
82	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
83	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
84	} // if
85	} else {
86	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
87	to = "u8" + to;
88	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
89	} else {
90	to = from[0] + to;
91	} // if
92	} // if
93	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
94	} // if
95	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
96	return true;
97	} // appendStr
98
99	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
100	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
101	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
102	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
103	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
104	} // for
105	declList->addType( cl );
106	return declList;
107	} // distAttr
108
109	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
110	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
111	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
112	iter->set_extension( true );
113	} // for
114	} // distExt
115
116	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
117	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
118	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
119	iter->set_inLine( true );
120	} // for
121	} // distInl
122
123	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
124	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
125	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
126	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
127	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
128	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
129	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
130	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
131	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
132	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
133	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
134	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
135	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
136	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
137	DeclarationNode newnode;
138	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
139	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
140	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
141	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
142	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
143	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
144	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
145	} // if
146	} else { // just SC qualifiers
147	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
148	} // if
149	} // for
150	delete qualifiers;
151	} // distQual
152
153	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
154	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
155	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
156	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
157	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
158	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
159	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
160
161	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
162	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
163	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
164	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
165	} // if
166	} // rebindForall
167
168	NameExpr * build_postfix_name( const string * name ) {
169	NameExpr * new_name = build_varref( new string( "?`" + *name ) );
170	delete name;
171	return new_name;
172	} // build_postfix_name
173
174	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
175	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
176	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
177	stringstream ss;
178	typeSpec->type->print( ss );
179	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
180	return nullptr;
181	} // if
182	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
183	} // if
184	return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
185	} // fieldDecl
186
187	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
188	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
189	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
190	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
191	} // if
192	return new ForCtrl(
193	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
194	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
195	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : 0,
196	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
197	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : 0 );
198	} // forCtrl
199
200	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
201	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
202	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
203	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
204	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
205	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
206	} else {
207	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed" ); return nullptr;
208	} // if
209	} else {
210	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed" ); return nullptr;
211	} // if
212	} // forCtrl
213
214	bool forall = false, yyy = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
215
216	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
217	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
218	if ( N ) { \
219	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
220	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
221	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
222	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
223	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
224	} else { \
225	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
226	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
227	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
228	}
229	%}
230
231	%define parse.error verbose
232
233	// Types declaration for productions
234	%union {
235	Token tok;
236	ParseNode * pn;
237	ExpressionNode * en;
238	DeclarationNode * decl;
239	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
240	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
241	StatementNode * sn;
242	WaitForStmt * wfs;
243	Expression * constant;
244	IfCtrl * ifctl;
245	ForCtrl * fctl;
246	enum OperKinds compop;
247	LabelNode * label;
248	InitializerNode * in;
249	OperKinds op;
250	std::string * str;
251	bool flag;
252	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
253	GenericExpr * genexpr;
254	}
255
256	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
257
258	// keywords
259	%token TYPEDEF
260	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
261	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
262	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
263	%token NORETURN // C11
264	%token CONST VOLATILE
265	%token RESTRICT // C99
266	%token ATOMIC // C11
267	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL COERCE // CFA
268	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
269	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
270	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
271	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
272	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
273	%token VALIST // GCC
274	%token AUTO_TYPE // GCC
275	%token TYPEOF BASETYPEOF LABEL // GCC
276	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
277	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
278	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
279	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
280	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
281	// %token SUSPEND RESUME // CFA
282	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
283	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
284	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
285	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
286	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
287
288	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
289	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
290	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR
291	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
292	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
293	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
294	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
295	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
296	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
297
298	// multi-character operators
299	%token ARROW // ->
300	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
301	%token LS RS // << >>
302	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
303	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
304	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
305
306	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
307	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
308	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
309	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
310
311	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
312	%token ATassign // @=
313
314	%type<tok> identifier
315	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name attr_name
316	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
317	%type<constant> string_literal
318	%type<str> string_literal_list
319
320	// expressions
321	%type<en> constant
322	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
323	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
324	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
325	%type<en> cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
326	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
327	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
328	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
329	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
330	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
331	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initialize_opt
332	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
333	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
334	%type<compop> inclexcl
335	%type<en> subrange
336	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
337	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
338	%type<label> label_list
339	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
340	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
341	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
342	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
343
344	// statements
345	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
346	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
347	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
348	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
349	%type<en> case_value
350	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
351	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
352	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
353	%type<sn> with_statement
354	%type<en> with_clause_opt
355	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
356	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
357	%type<sn> mutex_statement
358	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
359	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
360	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
361
362	// declarations
363	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
364	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
365	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
366
367	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
368	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
369
370	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
371
372	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
373
374	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
375
376	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
377
378	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
379	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
380
381	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
382
383	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
384	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
385
386	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
387
388	%type<decl> exception_declaration
389
390	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
391	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
392
393	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
394
395	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
396	%type<decl> identifier_list
397
398	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
399	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
400	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
401
402	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
403
404	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
405	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
406
407	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
408	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
409
410	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
411
412	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
413
414	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
415	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
416	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
417
418	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
419
420	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
421
422	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
423
424	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
425
426	%type<tclass> type_class
427	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
428
429	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
430	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
431
432	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
433
434	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
435
436	%type<decl> type type_no_function
437	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
438
439	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
440
441	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
442	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
443
444	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
445	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
446
447	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
448
449	// initializers
450	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
451
452	// designators
453	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
454
455
456	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
457	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
458	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
459	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
460	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
461
462	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
463	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
464	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
465	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
466	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
467	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
468
469	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
470	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
471	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
472	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
473	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
474	// must be:
475	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
476	// The same problem occurs here:
477	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
478	// must be:
479	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
480
481	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
482	%precedence TYPEGENname
483	%precedence '}'
484	%precedence '('
485
486	// %precedence RESUME
487	// %precedence '{'
488	// %precedence ')'
489
490	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
491
492	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
493
494	%%
495	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
496
497	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
498	// which are lexically identical.
499	//
500	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
501	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
502	//
503	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
504	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
505	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
506	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
507	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
508	//
509	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
510	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
511	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
512	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
513	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
514	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
515	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
516	//
517	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
518	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
519	// around the list separator.
520	//
521	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
522	// push pop push pop
523
524	push:
525	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
526	;
527
528	pop:
529	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
530	;
531
532	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
533
534	constant:
535	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
536	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
537	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
538	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
539	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
540	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
541	;
542
543	quasi_keyword: // CFA
544	TIMEOUT
545	\| WOR
546	;
547
548	identifier:
549	IDENTIFIER
550	\| quasi_keyword
551	\| '@' // CFA
552	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
553	;
554
555	string_literal:
556	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
557	;
558
559	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
560	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
561	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
562	{
563	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
564	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
565	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
566	}
567	;
568
569	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
570
571	primary_expression:
572	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
573	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
574	\| quasi_keyword
575	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
576	\| tuple
577	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
578	{ $$ = $2; }
579	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
580	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast< CompoundStmt * >(maybeMoveBuild< Statement >($2) ) ) ); }
581	\| constant '`' IDENTIFIER // CFA, postfix call
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ), $1 ) ); }
583	\| string_literal '`' IDENTIFIER // CFA, postfix call
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
585	\| IDENTIFIER '`' IDENTIFIER // CFA, postfix call
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ) ) ); }
587	\| tuple '`' IDENTIFIER // CFA, postfix call
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ), $1 ) ); }
589	\| '(' comma_expression ')' '`' IDENTIFIER // CFA, postfix call
590	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_postfix_name( $5 ) ), $2 ) ); }
591	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
592	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
593	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
594	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
595	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
596	{
597	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
598	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
599	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
600	}
601	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
602	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
603	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
604	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
605	;
606
607	generic_assoc_list: // C11
608	generic_association
609	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
610	{
611	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
612	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
613	delete $3;
614	$$ = $1;
615	}
616	;
617
618	generic_association: // C11
619	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
620	{
621	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
622	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>($3) } } );
623	}
624	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
625	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>($3) } } ); }
626	;
627
628	postfix_expression:
629	primary_expression
630	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
631	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
632	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
633	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
634	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
635	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
636	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
637	{
638	Token fn;
639	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
640	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
641	}
642	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
643	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
644	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
645	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
646	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
647	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
648	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
649	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
650	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
651	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
652	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
653	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
654	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
655	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
656	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
657	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
658	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
659	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
660	\| postfix_expression ICR
661	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
662	\| postfix_expression DECR
663	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
664	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
665	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
666	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
668	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
669	{
670	Token fn;
671	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
672	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
673	}
674	;
675
676	argument_expression_list:
677	// empty
678	{ $$ = nullptr; }
679	\| argument_expression
680	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
681	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
682	;
683
684	argument_expression:
685	'@' // CFA, default parameter
686	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
687	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
688	\| assignment_expression
689	;
690
691	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
692	field
693	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
694	;
695
696	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
697	field_name
698	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
699	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
700	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
701	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
702	\| field_name '.' field
703	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
704	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
705	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
706	\| field_name ARROW field
707	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
708	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
709	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
710	;
711
712	field_name:
713	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
714	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
715	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
716	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
717	\| identifier fraction_constants_opt
718	{
719	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
720	}
721	;
722
723	fraction_constants_opt:
724	// empty
725	{ $$ = nullptr; }
726	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
727	{
728	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
729	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
730	}
731	;
732
733	unary_expression:
734	postfix_expression
735	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
736	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
737	\| constant
738	\| string_literal
739	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
740	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
741	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
742	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
743	// { * X; } // dereference X
744	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
745	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
746	{
747	switch ( $1 ) {
748	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
749	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) );
750	break;
751	case OperKinds::PointTo:
752	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
753	break;
754	case OperKinds::And:
755	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) ) );
756	break;
757	default:
758	assert( false );
759	}
760	}
761	\| unary_operator cast_expression
762	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
763	\| ICR unary_expression
764	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
765	\| DECR unary_expression
766	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
767	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
768	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) ); }
769	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
770	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
771	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
772	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) ); }
773	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
775	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
776	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
777	;
778
779	ptrref_operator:
780	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
781	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
782	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
783	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
784	;
785
786	unary_operator:
787	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
788	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
789	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
790	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
791	;
792
793	cast_expression:
794	unary_expression
795	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
796	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
797	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
798	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
799	// VIRTUAL cannot be opt because of look ahead issues
800	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
801	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
802	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
803	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
804	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
805	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
806	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
807	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
808	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
809	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
810	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
811	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
812	;
813
814	qualifier_cast_list:
815	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
816	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
817	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
818	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
819	;
820
821	cast_modifier:
822	'-'
823	\| '+'
824	;
825
826	exponential_expression:
827	cast_expression
828	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
829	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
830	;
831
832	multiplicative_expression:
833	exponential_expression
834	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
835	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
836	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
838	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
839	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
840	;
841
842	additive_expression:
843	multiplicative_expression
844	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
845	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
846	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
847	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
848	;
849
850	shift_expression:
851	additive_expression
852	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
853	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
854	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
855	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
856	;
857
858	relational_expression:
859	shift_expression
860	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
861	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
862	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
863	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
864	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
865	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
866	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
867	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
868	;
869
870	equality_expression:
871	relational_expression
872	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
873	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
874	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
875	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
876	;
877
878	AND_expression:
879	equality_expression
880	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
881	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
882	;
883
884	exclusive_OR_expression:
885	AND_expression
886	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
888	;
889
890	inclusive_OR_expression:
891	exclusive_OR_expression
892	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
893	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
894	;
895
896	logical_AND_expression:
897	inclusive_OR_expression
898	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
899	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
900	;
901
902	logical_OR_expression:
903	logical_AND_expression
904	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
905	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
906	;
907
908	conditional_expression:
909	logical_OR_expression
910	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
911	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
912	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
913	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
914	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
915	;
916
917	constant_expression:
918	conditional_expression
919	;
920
921	assignment_expression:
922	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
923	conditional_expression
924	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
926	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
927	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
928	;
929
930	assignment_expression_opt:
931	// empty
932	{ $$ = nullptr; }
933	\| assignment_expression
934	;
935
936	assignment_operator:
937	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
938	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
939	\| EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
940	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
941	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
942	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
943	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
944	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
945	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
946	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
947	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
948	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
949	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
950	;
951
952	tuple: // CFA, tuple
953	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
954	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
955	// '[' ']'
956	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
957	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
958	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
959	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
960	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
961	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
962	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $6 ) ) ); }
963	;
964
965	tuple_expression_list:
966	assignment_expression_opt
967	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
968	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
969	;
970
971	comma_expression:
972	assignment_expression
973	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
975	;
976
977	comma_expression_opt:
978	// empty
979	{ $$ = nullptr; }
980	\| comma_expression
981	;
982
983	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
984
985	statement:
986	labeled_statement
987	\| compound_statement
988	\| expression_statement
989	\| selection_statement
990	\| iteration_statement
991	\| jump_statement
992	\| with_statement
993	\| mutex_statement
994	\| waitfor_statement
995	\| exception_statement
996	\| enable_disable_statement
997	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
998	\| asm_statement
999	\| DIRECTIVE
1000	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1001	;
1002
1003	labeled_statement:
1004	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1005	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1006	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1007	;
1008
1009	compound_statement:
1010	'{' '}'
1011	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1012	\| '{' push
1013	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
1014	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1015	pop '}'
1016	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1017	;
1018
1019	statement_decl_list: // C99
1020	statement_decl
1021	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1022	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1023	;
1024
1025	statement_decl:
1026	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1027	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1028	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1029	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1030	\| function_definition
1031	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1032	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1033	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1034	\| statement
1035	;
1036
1037	statement_list_nodecl:
1038	statement
1039	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1040	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1041	;
1042
1043	expression_statement:
1044	comma_expression_opt ';'
1045	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1046	;
1047
1048	selection_statement:
1049	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1050	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1051	push if_statement pop
1052	{ $$ = $2; }
1053	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1054	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1055	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1056	{
1057	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1058	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1059	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1060	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1061	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1062	// statement.
1063	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1064	}
1065	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1066	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1067	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1068	{
1069	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1070	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1071	}
1072	;
1073
1074	if_statement:
1075	IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
1076	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1077	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
1078	\| IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
1079	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
1080	;
1081
1082	if_control_expression:
1083	comma_expression
1084	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1085	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1086	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1087	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1088	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1089	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1090	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, $2 ); }
1091	;
1092
1093	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1094	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1095
1096	case_value: // CFA
1097	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1098	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1099	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
1100	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1101	;
1102
1103	case_value_list: // CFA
1104	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1105	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1106	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1107	;
1108
1109	case_label: // CFA
1110	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1111	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1112	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1113	;
1114
1115	//label_list_opt:
1116	// // empty
1117	// \| identifier_or_type_name ':'
1118	// \| label_list_opt identifier_or_type_name ':'
1119	// ;
1120
1121	case_label_list: // CFA
1122	case_label
1123	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1124	;
1125
1126	case_clause: // CFA
1127	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1128	;
1129
1130	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1131	// empty
1132	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1133	\| switch_clause_list
1134	;
1135
1136	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1137	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1138	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1139	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1140	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1141	;
1142
1143	iteration_statement:
1144	WHILE '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement pop
1145	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $4, $6 ) ); }
1146	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement // CFA => while ( 1 )
1147	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new IfCtrl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), $4 ) ); }
1148	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1149	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, $2 ) ); }
1150	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1151	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), $2 ) ); }
1152	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression_list ')' statement pop
1153	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
1154	\| FOR '(' ')' statement // CFA => for ( ;; )
1155	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), $4 ) ); }
1156	;
1157
1158	for_control_expression_list:
1159	for_control_expression
1160	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1161	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1162	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1163	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1164	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1165	{
1166	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1167	if ( $1->condition ) {
1168	if ( $3->condition ) {
1169	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1170	} // if
1171	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1172	if ( $1->change ) {
1173	if ( $3->change ) {
1174	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1175	} // if
1176	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1177	$$ = $1;
1178	}
1179	;
1180
1181	for_control_expression:
1182	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1183	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1184	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1185	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1186	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1187	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1188
1189	\| comma_expression // CFA
1190	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1191	OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1192	\| '=' comma_expression // CFA
1193	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1194	OperKinds::LEThan, $2->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1195	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1196	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1197	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1198	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, $5 ); }
1199	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1200	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1201	OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1202	\| comma_expression ';' '=' comma_expression // CFA
1203	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1204	OperKinds::LEThan, $4->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1205	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1206	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1207	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1208	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, $7 ); }
1209
1210	// There is a S/R conflicit if ~ and -~ are factored out.
1211	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1212	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1213	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' // CFA
1214	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1215	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1216	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1217	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1218	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1219	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1220	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1221	;
1222
1223	inclexcl:
1224	'~'
1225	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1226	\| ErangeUpEq
1227	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1228	\| ErangeDown
1229	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1230	\| ErangeDownEq
1231	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1232	;
1233
1234	jump_statement:
1235	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1236	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1237	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1238	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1239	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1240	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1241	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1242	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1243	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1244	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1245	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1246	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1247	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1248	\| CONTINUE ';'
1249	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1250	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1251	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1252	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1253	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1254	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1255	\| BREAK ';'
1256	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1257	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1258	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1259	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1260	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1261	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1262	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1263	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1264	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1265	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1266	// \| SUSPEND ';'
1267	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Suspend expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1268	// \| SUSPEND compound_statement ';'
1269	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Suspend expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1270	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1271	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1272	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1273	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1274	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1275	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1276	;
1277
1278	fall_through_name: // CFA
1279	FALLTHRU
1280	\| FALLTHROUGH
1281	;
1282
1283	with_statement:
1284	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1285	{
1286	$$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) );
1287	}
1288	;
1289
1290	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1291	mutex_statement:
1292	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list ')' statement
1293	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Mutex statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1294	;
1295
1296	when_clause:
1297	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1298	;
1299
1300	when_clause_opt:
1301	// empty
1302	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1303	\| when_clause
1304	;
1305
1306	waitfor:
1307	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1308	{ $$ = $3; }
1309	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list ')'
1310	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1311	;
1312
1313	timeout:
1314	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1315	;
1316
1317	waitfor_clause:
1318	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1319	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1320	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1321	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ); }
1322	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1323	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1324	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1325	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, $3, $1 ); }
1326	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1327	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement
1328	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1329	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1330	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1, $7, $5 ); }
1331	;
1332
1333	waitfor_statement:
1334	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1335	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1336	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1337	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1338	;
1339
1340	exception_statement:
1341	TRY compound_statement handler_clause
1342	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1343	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1344	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1345	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1346	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1347	;
1348
1349	handler_clause:
1350	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1351	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1352	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1353	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1354	;
1355
1356	handler_predicate_opt:
1357	// empty
1358	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1359	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1360	;
1361
1362	handler_key:
1363	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1364	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1365	;
1366
1367	finally_clause:
1368	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1369	;
1370
1371	exception_declaration:
1372	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1373	type_specifier_nobody
1374	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1375	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1376	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1377	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1378	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1379	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1380	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1381	;
1382
1383	enable_disable_statement:
1384	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1385	;
1386
1387	enable_disable_key:
1388	ENABLE
1389	\| DISABLE
1390	;
1391
1392	asm_statement:
1393	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1394	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1395	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1396	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1397	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1398	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1399	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1400	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1401	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1402	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1403	;
1404
1405	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1406	// empty
1407	{ $$ = false; }
1408	\| VOLATILE
1409	{ $$ = true; }
1410	;
1411
1412	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1413	// empty
1414	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1415	\| asm_operands_list
1416	;
1417
1418	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1419	asm_operand
1420	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1421	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1422	;
1423
1424	asm_operand: // GCC
1425	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1426	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
1427	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1428	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $6 ) ) ); }
1429	;
1430
1431	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1432	// empty
1433	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1434	\| string_literal
1435	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1436	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1437	// set_last returns ParseNode *
1438	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1439	;
1440
1441	label_list:
1442	identifier
1443	{
1444	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1445	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1446	}
1447	\| label_list ',' identifier
1448	{
1449	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1450	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1451	}
1452	;
1453
1454	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1455
1456	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1457	// empty
1458	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1459	\| declaration_list
1460	;
1461
1462	declaration_list:
1463	declaration
1464	\| declaration_list declaration
1465	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1466	;
1467
1468	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1469	// empty
1470	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1471	\| KR_parameter_list
1472	;
1473
1474	KR_parameter_list:
1475	push c_declaration pop ';'
1476	{ $$ = $2; }
1477	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1478	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1479	;
1480
1481	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1482	// empty
1483	\| local_label_declaration_list
1484	;
1485
1486	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1487	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1488	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1489	;
1490
1491	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1492	identifier_or_type_name
1493	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1494	;
1495
1496	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1497	c_declaration ';'
1498	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1499	\| static_assert // C11
1500	;
1501
1502	static_assert:
1503	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1504	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1505	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1506	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1507
1508	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1509	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1510	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1511	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1512	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1513	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1514	//
1515	// CFA C
1516	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1517	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1518
1519	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1520	cfa_variable_declaration
1521	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1522	\| cfa_function_declaration
1523	\| type_declaring_list
1524	\| trait_specifier
1525	;
1526
1527	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1528	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1529	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1530	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1531	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1532	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1533	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1534	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1535	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1536	;
1537
1538	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1539	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1540	// storage-class
1541	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1542	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1543	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1544	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1545	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1546	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1547	;
1548
1549	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1550	cfa_function_specifier
1551	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1552	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1553	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1554	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1555	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1556	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1557	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1558	{
1559	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1560	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1561	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1562	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1563	}
1564	;
1565
1566	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1567	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1568	// {
1569	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1570	// }
1571	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1572	// {
1573	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1574	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1575	// }
1576	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1577	// {
1578	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1579	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1580	// }
1581	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1582	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1583	//
1584	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1585	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1586	//
1587	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1588	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1589	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1590	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1591	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 ); }
1592	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1593	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 ); }
1594	;
1595
1596	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1597	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1598	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1599	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1600	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1601	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1602	;
1603
1604	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1605	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1606	{
1607	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1608	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1609	}
1610	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1611	{
1612	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1613	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1614	}
1615	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1616	{
1617	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1618	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1619	}
1620	;
1621
1622	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1623	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1624
1625	typedef_declaration:
1626	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1627	{
1628	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1629	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1630	}
1631	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1632	{
1633	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1634	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1635	}
1636	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1637	{
1638	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1639	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1640	}
1641	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1642	{
1643	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1644	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1645	}
1646	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1647	{
1648	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1649	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1650	}
1651	;
1652
1653	typedef_expression:
1654	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1655	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1656	{
1657	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1658	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1659	}
1660	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1661	{
1662	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1663	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1664	}
1665	;
1666
1667	//c_declaration:
1668	// declaring_list pop ';'
1669	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1670	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1671	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1672	// ;
1673	//
1674	//declaring_list:
1675	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1676	// // storage-class
1677	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1678	// {
1679	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( IDENTIFIER );
1680	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1681	// }
1682	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1683	// {
1684	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( IDENTIFIER );
1685	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1686	// }
1687	// ;
1688
1689	c_declaration:
1690	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1691	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1692	\| typedef_declaration
1693	\| typedef_expression // GCC, naming expression type
1694	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1695	;
1696
1697	declaring_list:
1698	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1699	// storage-class
1700	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1701	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1702	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1703	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1704	;
1705
1706	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1707	basic_declaration_specifier
1708	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1709	\| type_declaration_specifier
1710	;
1711
1712	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1713	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1714	//
1715	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1716	//
1717	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1718	basic_declaration_specifier
1719	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1720	\| type_declaration_specifier
1721	;
1722
1723	type_specifier: // type specifier
1724	basic_type_specifier
1725	\| sue_type_specifier
1726	\| type_type_specifier
1727	;
1728
1729	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1730	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1731	//
1732	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1733	//
1734	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1735	basic_type_specifier
1736	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1737	\| type_type_specifier
1738	;
1739
1740	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1741	// empty
1742	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1743	\| type_qualifier_list
1744	;
1745
1746	type_qualifier_list:
1747	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1748	//
1749	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1750	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1751	// appeared only once.
1752	type_qualifier
1753	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1754	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1755	;
1756
1757	type_qualifier:
1758	type_qualifier_name
1759	\| attribute
1760	;
1761
1762	type_qualifier_name:
1763	CONST
1764	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1765	\| RESTRICT
1766	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1767	\| VOLATILE
1768	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1769	\| ATOMIC
1770	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1771	\| forall
1772	;
1773
1774	forall:
1775	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1776	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
1777	;
1778
1779	declaration_qualifier_list:
1780	storage_class_list
1781	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1782	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1783	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1784	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1785	;
1786
1787	storage_class_list:
1788	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1789	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1790	//
1791	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1792	// specifiers in a declaration.
1793	storage_class
1794	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1795	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1796	;
1797
1798	storage_class:
1799	EXTERN
1800	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1801	\| STATIC
1802	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1803	\| AUTO
1804	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1805	\| REGISTER
1806	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1807	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1808	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1809	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1810	\| INLINE // C99
1811	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1812	\| FORTRAN // C99
1813	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1814	\| NORETURN // C11
1815	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1816	;
1817
1818	basic_type_name:
1819	VOID
1820	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1821	\| BOOL // C99
1822	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1823	\| CHAR
1824	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1825	\| INT
1826	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1827	\| INT128
1828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1829	\| UINT128
1830	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
1831	\| FLOAT
1832	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1833	\| DOUBLE
1834	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1835	\| uuFLOAT80
1836	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
1837	\| uuFLOAT128
1838	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
1839	\| uFLOAT16
1840	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
1841	\| uFLOAT32
1842	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
1843	\| uFLOAT32X
1844	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
1845	\| uFLOAT64
1846	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
1847	\| uFLOAT64X
1848	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
1849	\| uFLOAT128
1850	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
1851	\| COMPLEX // C99
1852	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1853	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1854	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1855	\| SIGNED
1856	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1857	\| UNSIGNED
1858	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1859	\| SHORT
1860	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1861	\| LONG
1862	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1863	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1865	\| AUTO_TYPE
1866	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
1867	;
1868
1869	basic_declaration_specifier:
1870	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1871	basic_type_specifier
1872	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1873	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1874	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1875	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1876	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1877	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1878	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1879	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1880	;
1881
1882	basic_type_specifier:
1883	direct_type
1884	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
1885	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1886	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1887	;
1888
1889	direct_type:
1890	basic_type_name
1891	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1892	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1893	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1894	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1895	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1896	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1897	;
1898
1899	indirect_type:
1900	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
1901	{ $$ = $3; }
1902	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
1903	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1904	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
1905	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
1906	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
1907	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
1908	\| ZERO_T // CFA
1909	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1910	\| ONE_T // CFA
1911	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1912	;
1913
1914	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1915	sue_type_specifier
1916	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1917	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1918	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1919	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1920	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1921	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1922	;
1923
1924	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1925	elaborated_type
1926	\| type_qualifier_list
1927	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1928	elaborated_type
1929	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1930	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1931	{
1932	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
1933	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
1934	}
1935	;
1936
1937	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1938	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1939	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1940	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1941	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1942	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1943	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1944	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1945	;
1946
1947	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1948	elaborated_type_nobody
1949	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1950	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1951	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1952	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1953	;
1954
1955	type_declaration_specifier:
1956	type_type_specifier
1957	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1958	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1959	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1960	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1961	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1962	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1963	;
1964
1965	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1966	type_name
1967	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1968	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1969	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1970	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1971	;
1972
1973	type_name:
1974	TYPEDEFname
1975	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1976	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1977	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
1978	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1979	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
1980	\| typegen_name
1981	\| '.' typegen_name
1982	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
1983	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1984	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
1985	;
1986
1987	typegen_name: // CFA
1988	TYPEGENname
1989	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1990	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
1991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1992	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1994	;
1995
1996	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1997	aggregate_type
1998	\| enum_type
1999	;
2000
2001	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2002	aggregate_type_nobody
2003	\| enum_type_nobody
2004	;
2005
2006	fred:
2007	// empty
2008	{ yyy = false; }
2009	;
2010
2011	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2012	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2013	{ forall = false; } // reset
2014	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2015	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2016	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier fred
2017	{
2018	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2019	forall = false; // reset
2020	}
2021	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2022	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $9, $7, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2023	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name fred
2024	{
2025	// for type_name can be a qualified type name S.T, in which case only the last name in the chain needs a typedef (other names in the chain should already have one)
2026	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->leafName(), forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2027	forall = false; // reset
2028	}
2029	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2030	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $9, $7, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2031	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2032	;
2033
2034	type_parameters_opt:
2035	// empty
2036	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2037	\| '(' type_list ')'
2038	{ $$ = $2; }
2039	;
2040
2041	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2042	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier fred
2043	{
2044	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2045	forall = false; // reset
2046	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2047	}
2048	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name fred
2049	{
2050	forall = false; // reset
2051	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2052	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2053	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2054	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2055	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2056	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2057	delete $3;
2058	}
2059	;
2060
2061	aggregate_key:
2062	aggregate_data
2063	\| aggregate_control
2064	;
2065
2066	aggregate_data:
2067	STRUCT
2068	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2069	\| UNION
2070	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2071	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2072	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2073	;
2074
2075	aggregate_control: // CFA
2076	GENERATOR
2077	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2078	\| COROUTINE
2079	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2080	\| MONITOR
2081	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2082	\| THREAD
2083	{ yyy = true; $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2084	;
2085
2086	field_declaration_list_opt:
2087	// empty
2088	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2089	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2090	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2091	;
2092
2093	field_declaration:
2094	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2095	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 ); }
2096	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2097	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2098	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2099	{
2100	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2101	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2102	} // if
2103	$3->inLine = true;
2104	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2105	distInl( $3 );
2106	}
2107	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2108	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2109	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2110	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2111	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2112	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2113	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2114	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2115	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2116	\| static_assert // C11
2117	;
2118
2119	field_declaring_list_opt:
2120	// empty
2121	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2122	\| field_declarator
2123	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2124	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2125	;
2126
2127	field_declarator:
2128	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2129	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2130	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2131	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2132	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2133	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2134	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2135	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2136	;
2137
2138	field_abstract_list_opt:
2139	// empty
2140	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2141	\| field_abstract
2142	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2143	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2144	;
2145
2146	field_abstract:
2147	// no bit fields
2148	variable_abstract_declarator
2149	;
2150
2151	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2152	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2153	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2154	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2155	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2156	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2157	;
2158
2159	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2160	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2161	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2162	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2163	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2164	;
2165
2166	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2167	// empty
2168	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2169	\| bit_subrange_size
2170	;
2171
2172	bit_subrange_size:
2173	':' assignment_expression
2174	{ $$ = $2; }
2175	;
2176
2177	enum_type: // enum
2178	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2179	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2180	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2181	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2182	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2183	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2184	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2185	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2186	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2187	\| enum_type_nobody
2188	;
2189
2190	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2191	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2192	{
2193	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
2194	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2195	}
2196	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2197	{
2198	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name );
2199	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2200	}
2201	;
2202
2203	enumerator_list:
2204	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2205	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
2206	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2207	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
2208	;
2209
2210	enumerator_value_opt:
2211	// empty
2212	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2213	\| '=' constant_expression
2214	{ $$ = $2; }
2215	;
2216
2217	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2218	// empty
2219	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2220	\| ELLIPSIS
2221	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2222	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2223	\| cfa_parameter_list
2224	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2225	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2226	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2227	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2228	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2229	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2230	;
2231
2232	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2233	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2234	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2235	cfa_parameter_declaration
2236	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2237	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2238	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2239	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2240	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2241	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2242	;
2243
2244	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2245	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2246	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2247	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2248	;
2249
2250	parameter_type_list_opt:
2251	// empty
2252	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2253	\| ELLIPSIS
2254	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2255	\| parameter_list
2256	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2257	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2258	;
2259
2260	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2261	abstract_parameter_declaration
2262	\| parameter_declaration
2263	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2264	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2265	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2266	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2267	;
2268
2269	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2270	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2271
2272	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2273	parameter_declaration
2274	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
2275	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2276	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
2277	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2278	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2279	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
2280	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2281	\| cfa_function_specifier
2282	;
2283
2284	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2285	abstract_parameter_declaration
2286	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2287	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2288	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2289	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2290	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2291	\| cfa_abstract_function
2292	;
2293
2294	parameter_declaration:
2295	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2296	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
2297	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2298	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initialize_opt
2299	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2300	;
2301
2302	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2303	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initialize_opt
2304	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2305	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
2306	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2307	;
2308
2309	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2310	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2311	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2312
2313	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2314	identifier
2315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2316	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2317	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2318	;
2319
2320	identifier_or_type_name:
2321	identifier
2322	\| TYPEDEFname
2323	\| TYPEGENname
2324	;
2325
2326	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2327	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2328	\| type_specifier
2329	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2330	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2331	;
2332
2333	type: // typeof, assertion
2334	type_no_function
2335	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2336	;
2337
2338	initializer_opt:
2339	// empty
2340	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2341	\| '=' initializer
2342	{ $$ = $2; }
2343	\| '=' VOID
2344	{ $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2345	\| ATassign initializer
2346	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2347	;
2348
2349	initializer:
2350	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2351	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2352	;
2353
2354	initializer_list_opt:
2355	// empty
2356	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2357	\| initializer
2358	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2359	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2360	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer
2361	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
2362	;
2363
2364	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2365	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2366	//
2367	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2368	//
2369	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2370	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2371	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2372	// shift/reduce conflicts
2373
2374	designation:
2375	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2376	\| identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2377	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2378	;
2379
2380	designator_list: // C99
2381	designator
2382	\| designator_list designator
2383	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
2384	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2385	;
2386
2387	designator:
2388	'.' identifier // C99, field name
2389	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2390	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2391	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2392	{ $$ = $3; }
2393	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2394	{ $$ = $3; }
2395	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2396	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $5 ) ) ); }
2397	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2398	{ $$ = $4; }
2399	;
2400
2401	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2402	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2403	//
2404	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2405	//
2406	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2407	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2408	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2409	//
2410	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2411	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2412	//
2413	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2414	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2415	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2416	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2417	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2418
2419	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2420	type_parameter
2421	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2422	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2423	;
2424
2425	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2426	// empty
2427	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2428	\| '=' type
2429	{ $$ = $2; }
2430	;
2431
2432	type_parameter: // CFA
2433	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2434	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2435	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2437	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2438	\| assertion_list
2439	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2440	;
2441
2442	type_class: // CFA
2443	OTYPE
2444	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2445	\| DTYPE
2446	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2447	\| FTYPE
2448	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2449	\| TTYPE
2450	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2451	;
2452
2453	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2454	// empty
2455	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2456	\| assertion_list
2457	;
2458
2459	assertion_list: // CFA
2460	assertion
2461	\| assertion_list assertion
2462	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2463	;
2464
2465	assertion: // CFA
2466	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2467	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2468	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2469	{ $$ = $4; }
2470	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2471	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2472	;
2473
2474	type_list: // CFA
2475	type
2476	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2477	\| assignment_expression
2478	{ SemanticError( yylloc, toString("Expression generic parameters are currently unimplemented: ", $1->build()) ); $$ = nullptr; }
2479	\| type_list ',' type
2480	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
2481	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2482	{ SemanticError( yylloc, toString("Expression generic parameters are currently unimplemented: ", $3->build()) ); $$ = nullptr; }
2483	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2484	;
2485
2486	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2487	OTYPE type_declarator
2488	{ $$ = $2; }
2489	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2490	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2491	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2492	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2493	;
2494
2495	type_declarator: // CFA
2496	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2497	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2498	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2499	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2500	;
2501
2502	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2503	identifier_or_type_name
2504	{
2505	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2506	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2507	}
2508	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2509	{
2510	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2511	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2512	}
2513	;
2514
2515	trait_specifier: // CFA
2516	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2517	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2518	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2519	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2520	;
2521
2522	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2523	trait_declaration
2524	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2525	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2526	;
2527
2528	trait_declaration: // CFA
2529	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2530	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2531	;
2532
2533	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2534	cfa_variable_specifier
2535	\| cfa_function_specifier
2536	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2537	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2538	;
2539
2540	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2541	type_specifier declarator
2542	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2543	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2544	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2545	;
2546
2547	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2548
2549	translation_unit:
2550	// empty, input file
2551	\| external_definition_list
2552	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2553	;
2554
2555	external_definition_list:
2556	push external_definition pop
2557	{ $$ = $2; }
2558	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2559	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2560	;
2561
2562	external_definition_list_opt:
2563	// empty
2564	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2565	\| external_definition_list
2566	;
2567
2568	up:
2569	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2570	;
2571
2572	down:
2573	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2574	;
2575
2576	external_definition:
2577	declaration
2578	\| external_function_definition
2579	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2580	{
2581	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2582	$$ = $2;
2583	}
2584	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2585	{
2586	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2587	}
2588	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2589	{
2590	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2591	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2592	}
2593	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2594	{
2595	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2596	linkageStack.pop();
2597	$$ = $6;
2598	}
2599	\| type_qualifier_list
2600	{
2601	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2602	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2603	}
2604	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2605	{
2606	distQual( $5, $1 );
2607	forall = false;
2608	$$ = $5;
2609	}
2610	\| declaration_qualifier_list
2611	{
2612	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2613	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2614	}
2615	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2616	{
2617	distQual( $5, $1 );
2618	forall = false;
2619	$$ = $5;
2620	}
2621	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
2622	{
2623	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2624	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2625	}
2626	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2627	{
2628	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
2629	forall = false;
2630	$$ = $6;
2631	}
2632	;
2633
2634	external_function_definition:
2635	function_definition
2636	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2637	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2638	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2639	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2640	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2641	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2642	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
2643	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
2644	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
2645	;
2646
2647	with_clause_opt:
2648	// empty
2649	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
2650	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2651	{ $$ = $3; forall = false; }
2652	;
2653
2654	function_definition:
2655	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2656	{
2657	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
2658	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
2659	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
2660	$$ = $1;
2661	}
2662	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2663	{
2664	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2665	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2666	}
2667	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2668	{
2669	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2670	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2671	}
2672	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2673	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2674	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2675	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2676	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2677	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2678	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2679	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2680	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2681
2682	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2683	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2684	{
2685	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2686	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
2687	}
2688	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2689	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2690	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2691	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2692	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2693	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2694	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2695	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2696	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2697	;
2698
2699	declarator:
2700	variable_declarator
2701	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2702	\| function_declarator
2703	;
2704
2705	subrange:
2706	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2707	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
2708	;
2709
2710	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2711	// empty
2712	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2713	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2714	{
2715	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2716	name->asmName = $3;
2717	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2718	}
2719	;
2720
2721	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2722	// empty
2723	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2724	\| attribute_list
2725	;
2726
2727	attribute_list: // GCC
2728	attribute
2729	\| attribute_list attribute
2730	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2731	;
2732
2733	attribute: // GCC
2734	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2735	{ $$ = $4; }
2736	;
2737
2738	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2739	attribute_name
2740	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2741	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2742	;
2743
2744	attribute_name: // GCC
2745	// empty
2746	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2747	\| attr_name
2748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2749	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2750	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2751	;
2752
2753	attr_name: // GCC
2754	IDENTIFIER
2755	\| quasi_keyword
2756	\| TYPEDEFname
2757	\| TYPEGENname
2758	\| FALLTHROUGH
2759	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2760	\| CONST
2761	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2762	;
2763
2764	// ============================================================================
2765	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2766	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2767	// in:
2768	//
2769	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2770	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2771	//
2772	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2773	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2774	// ============================================================================
2775
2776	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2777	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2778	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2779	//
2780	// valid declaration invalid definition
2781	// ----------------- ------------------
2782	// int f; int f {}
2783	// int f; int f {}
2784	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2785	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2786	//
2787	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2788	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2789	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2790
2791	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2792	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2793
2794	variable_declarator:
2795	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2796	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2797	\| variable_ptr
2798	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2799	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2800	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2801	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2802	;
2803
2804	paren_identifier:
2805	identifier
2806	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2807	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2808	{ $$ = $2; }
2809	;
2810
2811	variable_ptr:
2812	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2813	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2814	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2815	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2816	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2817	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2818	;
2819
2820	variable_array:
2821	paren_identifier array_dimension
2822	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2823	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2824	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2825	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2826	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2827	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2828	{ $$ = $2; }
2829	;
2830
2831	variable_function:
2832	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2833	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2834	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2835	{ $$ = $2; }
2836	;
2837
2838	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2839	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2840	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2841
2842	function_declarator:
2843	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2844	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2845	\| function_ptr
2846	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2847	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2848	;
2849
2850	function_no_ptr:
2851	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2852	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2853	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2854	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2855	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2856	{ $$ = $2; }
2857	;
2858
2859	function_ptr:
2860	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2861	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2862	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2863	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2864	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2865	{ $$ = $2; }
2866	;
2867
2868	function_array:
2869	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2870	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2871	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2872	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2873	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2874	{ $$ = $2; }
2875	;
2876
2877	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2878	//
2879	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2880	//
2881	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2882	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2883
2884	KR_function_declarator:
2885	KR_function_no_ptr
2886	\| KR_function_ptr
2887	\| KR_function_array
2888	;
2889
2890	KR_function_no_ptr:
2891	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2892	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2893	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2894	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2895	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2896	{ $$ = $2; }
2897	;
2898
2899	KR_function_ptr:
2900	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2901	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2902	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2903	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2904	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2905	{ $$ = $2; }
2906	;
2907
2908	KR_function_array:
2909	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2910	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2911	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2912	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2913	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2914	{ $$ = $2; }
2915	;
2916
2917	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2918	//
2919	// typedef int foo;
2920	// {
2921	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2922	// }
2923	//
2924	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2925	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2926
2927	variable_type_redeclarator:
2928	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2929	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2930	\| type_ptr
2931	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2932	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2933	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2934	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2935	;
2936
2937	paren_type:
2938	typedef
2939	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
2940	{
2941	// if ( ! typedefTable.existsCurr( *$1->name ) ) {
2942	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
2943	// } else {
2944	// SemanticError( yylloc, string("'") + *$1->name + "' redeclared as different kind of symbol." ); $$ = nullptr;
2945	// } // if
2946	}
2947	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2948	{ $$ = $2; }
2949	;
2950
2951	type_ptr:
2952	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2953	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2954	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2955	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2956	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2957	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2958	;
2959
2960	type_array:
2961	paren_type array_dimension
2962	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2963	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2964	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2965	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2966	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2967	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2968	{ $$ = $2; }
2969	;
2970
2971	type_function:
2972	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2973	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2974	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2975	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2976	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2977	{ $$ = $2; }
2978	;
2979
2980	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2981	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2982	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2983	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2984
2985	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2986	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2987	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2988	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2989	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2990	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2991	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2992	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2993	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2994	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2995	;
2996
2997	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2998	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2999	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3000	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3001	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3002	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3003	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3004	;
3005
3006	identifier_parameter_array:
3007	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3008	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3009	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3010	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3011	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3012	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3013	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3014	{ $$ = $2; }
3015	;
3016
3017	identifier_parameter_function:
3018	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3019	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3020	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3021	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3022	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3023	{ $$ = $2; }
3024	;
3025
3026	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3027	// e.g.:
3028	//
3029	// typedef int foo;
3030	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3031	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3032	//
3033	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3034
3035	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3036	typedef attribute_list_opt
3037	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3038	\| '&' MUTEX typedef attribute_list_opt
3039	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3040	\| type_parameter_ptr
3041	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3042	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3043	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3044	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3045	;
3046
3047	typedef:
3048	TYPEDEFname
3049	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3050	\| TYPEGENname
3051	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3052	;
3053
3054	type_parameter_ptr:
3055	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3056	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3057	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3058	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3059	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3060	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3061	;
3062
3063	type_parameter_array:
3064	typedef array_parameter_dimension
3065	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3066	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3067	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3068	;
3069
3070	type_parameter_function:
3071	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3072	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3073	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3074	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3075	;
3076
3077	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3078	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3079	//
3080	// sizeof( int );
3081	// sizeof( int * );
3082	// sizeof( int [10] );
3083	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3084	// sizeof( int () );
3085	//
3086	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3087	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3088
3089	abstract_declarator:
3090	abstract_ptr
3091	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3092	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3093	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3094	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3095	;
3096
3097	abstract_ptr:
3098	ptrref_operator
3099	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3100	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3101	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3102	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3103	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3104	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3105	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3106	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3107	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3108	;
3109
3110	abstract_array:
3111	array_dimension
3112	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3113	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3114	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3115	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3116	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3117	{ $$ = $2; }
3118	;
3119
3120	abstract_function:
3121	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3122	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3123	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3124	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3125	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3126	{ $$ = $2; }
3127	;
3128
3129	array_dimension:
3130	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3131	'[' ']'
3132	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3133	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3134	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3135	\| multi_array_dimension
3136	;
3137
3138	multi_array_dimension:
3139	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3140	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3141	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3142	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3143	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3144	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3145	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3146	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3147	;
3148
3149	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3150	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3151	//
3152	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3153	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3154	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3155	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3156	//
3157	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3158	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3159	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3160	//
3161	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3162	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3163	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3164	//
3165	// For example:
3166	//
3167	// typedef float T;
3168	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3169	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3170	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3171	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3172	//
3173	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3174	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3175	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3176	// functions.
3177
3178	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3179	abstract_parameter_ptr
3180	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3181	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3182	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3183	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3184	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3185	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3186	;
3187
3188	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3189	ptrref_operator
3190	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3191	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3192	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3193	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3194	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3195	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3196	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3197	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3198	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3199	;
3200
3201	abstract_parameter_array:
3202	array_parameter_dimension
3203	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3204	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3205	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3206	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3207	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3208	{ $$ = $2; }
3209	;
3210
3211	abstract_parameter_function:
3212	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3213	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3214	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3215	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3216	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3217	{ $$ = $2; }
3218	;
3219
3220	array_parameter_dimension:
3221	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3222	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3223	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3224	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3225	\| multi_array_dimension
3226	;
3227
3228	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3229	//
3230	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3231	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3232
3233	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3234	'[' ']'
3235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3236	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3237	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3238	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3239	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3240	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3241	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3242	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3243	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3244	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3246	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3248	;
3249
3250	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3251	//
3252	// struct S {
3253	// int;
3254	// int *;
3255	// int [10];
3256	// int (*)();
3257	// };
3258
3259	variable_abstract_declarator:
3260	variable_abstract_ptr
3261	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3262	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3263	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3264	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3265	;
3266
3267	variable_abstract_ptr:
3268	ptrref_operator
3269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3270	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3272	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3273	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3274	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3275	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3276	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3277	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3278	;
3279
3280	variable_abstract_array:
3281	array_dimension
3282	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3283	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3284	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3285	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3286	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3287	{ $$ = $2; }
3288	;
3289
3290	variable_abstract_function:
3291	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3292	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3293	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3294	{ $$ = $2; }
3295	;
3296
3297	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3298	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3299
3300	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3301	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3302	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3303	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3304	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3305	;
3306
3307	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3308	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3309	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3310	;
3311
3312	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3313	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3314	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3315	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3316	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3317	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3318	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3319	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3320	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3321	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3322	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3323	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3324	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3325	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3326	;
3327
3328	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3329	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3330	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3331	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3332	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3333	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3334	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3335	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3336	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3337	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3338	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3339	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3340	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3341
3342	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3343	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3344	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3345	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3346	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3347	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3348	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3349	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3350	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3351	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3352	;
3353
3354	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3355	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3356	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3357	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3358	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3359	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3360	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3361	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3362	// appear in this context.
3363	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3364	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3365	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3366	;
3367
3368	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3369	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3370	//
3371	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3372	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3373	//
3374	// These rules need LR(3):
3375	//
3376	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3377	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3378	//
3379	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3380	//
3381	// [int, int] t;
3382	// [int, int] f( int );
3383	//
3384	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3385	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3386	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3387	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3388
3389	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3390	cfa_abstract_tuple
3391	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3392	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3393	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3394	;
3395
3396	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3397	cfa_abstract_ptr
3398	\| cfa_abstract_array
3399	;
3400
3401	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3402	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3403	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3404	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3405	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3406	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3407	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3408	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3409	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3410	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3411	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3412	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3413	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3414	;
3415
3416	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3417	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3418	// empty (void) function return type.
3419	'[' ']' type_specifier
3420	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3421	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3422	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3423	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3424	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3425	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3426	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3427	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3428	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3429	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3430	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3431	;
3432
3433	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3434	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3435	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3436	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3437	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3438	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3439	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3440	;
3441
3442	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3443	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3444	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3445	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3446	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3447	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3448	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3449	;
3450
3451	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3452	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3453	//
3454	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3455	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3456	//
3457	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3458	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3459	//
3460	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3461	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3462
3463	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3464
3465	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3466	// empty
3467	\| ','
3468	;
3469
3470	default_initialize_opt:
3471	// empty
3472	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3473	\| '=' assignment_expression
3474	{ $$ = $2; }
3475	;
3476
3477	%%
3478
3479	// ----end of grammar----
3480
3481	// Local Variables: //
3482	// mode: c++ //
3483	// tab-width: 4 //
3484	// compile-command: "make install" //
3485	// End: //

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