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parser.yy @ 6b224a52

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Last change on this file since 6b224a52 was 6b224a52, checked in by Thierry Delisle <tdelisle@…>, 7 years ago
Merge branch 'master' of plg.uwaterloo.ca:software/cfa/cfa-cc
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Aug 23 21:08:08 2017
13	// Update Count : 2704
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
54	using namespace std;
55
56	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
57	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
58	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
59
60	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
61
62	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
63	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
64	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
65	} // appendStr
66
67	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
68	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
69	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
70	//cur->addType( specifier );
71	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
72	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
73	} // for
74	declList->addType( cl );
75	// delete cl;
76	return declList;
77	} // distAttr
78
79	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
80	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
81	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
82	iter->set_extension( true );
83	} // for
84	} // distExt
85
86	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
87	%}
88
89	// Types declaration
90	%union
91	{
92	Token tok;
93	ParseNode * pn;
94	ExpressionNode * en;
95	DeclarationNode * decl;
96	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
97	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
98	StatementNode * sn;
99	WaitForStmt * wfs;
100	ConstantExpr * constant;
101	IfCtl * ifctl;
102	ForCtl * fctl;
103	LabelNode * label;
104	InitializerNode * in;
105	OperKinds op;
106	std::string * str;
107	bool flag;
108	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
109	}
110
111	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
112
113	// keywords
114	%token TYPEDEF
115	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
116	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
117	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
118	%token NORETURN // C11
119	%token CONST VOLATILE
120	%token RESTRICT // C99
121	%token ATOMIC // C11
122	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL // CFA
123	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
124	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
125	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
126	%token VALIST // GCC
127	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
128	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
129	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
130	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
131	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
132	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
133	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
134	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
135	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
136	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
137
138	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
139	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
140	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR
141	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
142	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
143	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
144	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
145	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
146	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
147
148	// multi-character operators
149	%token ARROW // ->
150	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
151	%token LS RS // << >>
152	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
153	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
154	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
155
156	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
157	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
158	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
159	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
160
161	%token ATassign // @=
162
163	%type<tok> identifier no_attr_identifier
164	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
165	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
166	%type<constant> string_literal
167	%type<str> string_literal_list
168
169	// expressions
170	%type<en> constant
171	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
172	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
173	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
174	%type<en> cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
175	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
176	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
177	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
178	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
179	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
180	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initialize_opt
181	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
182	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
183	%type<en> subrange
184	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
185	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
186	%type<label> label_list
187	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
188	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
189	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
190	%type<en> when_clause_opt timeout
191
192	// statements
193	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
194	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
195	%type<sn> with_statement exception_statement asm_statement
196	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
197	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
198	%type<sn> statement statement_list
199	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
200	%type<sn> with_clause_opt
201	%type<en> case_value
202	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
203	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
204	%type<sn> handler_clause finally_clause
205	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
206	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
207	%type<en> waitfor
208
209	// declarations
210	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
211	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
212	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
213
214	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
215	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
216
217	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
218
219	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
220
221	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
222
223	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
224
225	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
226	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
227
228	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
229
230	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
231	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
232
233	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
234
235	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
236	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
237
238	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
239
240	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
241	%type<decl> identifier_list
242
243	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
244	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
245	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
246
247	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
248
249	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
250	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
251
252	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
253	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
254
255	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
256
257	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
258
259	%type<decl> c_declaration
260	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
261	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
262
263	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
264	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
265
266	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
267
268	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
269
270	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
271
272	%type<tclass> type_class
273	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
274
275	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
276	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
277
278	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
279
280	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
281
282	%type<decl> type type_no_function
283	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
284
285	%type<en> type_list
286
287	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
288	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
289
290	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
291	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
292
293	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
294
295	// initializers
296	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
297
298	// designators
299	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
300
301
302	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
303	// is ambiguous:
304	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
305	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
306	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
307	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
308
309	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
310	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
311	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
312	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
313	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
314	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
315
316	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
317
318	%%
319	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
320
321	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
322	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
323	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
324	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
325	//
326	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
327	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
328	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
329	//
330	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
331	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
332	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
333	//
334	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
335	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
336	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
337	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
338	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
339	//
340	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
341	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
342	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
343	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
344	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
345	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
346	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
347
348	push:
349	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
350	;
351
352	pop:
353	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
354	;
355
356	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
357
358	constant:
359	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
360	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
361	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
362	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
363	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
364	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
365	;
366
367	quasi_keyword: // CFA
368	TIMEOUT
369	\| WOR
370	;
371
372	identifier:
373	IDENTIFIER
374	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
375	\| quasi_keyword
376	;
377
378	no_attr_identifier:
379	IDENTIFIER
380	\| quasi_keyword
381	;
382
383	string_literal:
384	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
385	;
386
387	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
388	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
389	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
390	{
391	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
392	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
393	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
394	}
395	;
396
397	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
398
399	primary_expression:
400	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
401	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
402	\| quasi_keyword
403	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
404	\| tuple
405	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
406	{ $$ = $2; }
407	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
408	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
409	\| primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
410	{
411	Token fn;
412	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
413	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
414	}
415	\| type_name '.' no_attr_identifier // CFA, nested type
416	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
417	\| type_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
418	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
419	;
420
421	postfix_expression:
422	primary_expression
423	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
424	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
425	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
426	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
427	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
428	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
429	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
430	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
431	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
432	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
433	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
434	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
435	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
436	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
437	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
438	{
439	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
440	}
441	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
442	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
443	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
444	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
445	\| postfix_expression ICR
446	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
447	\| postfix_expression DECR
448	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
449	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
450	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
451	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
452	{
453	Token fn;
454	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
455	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
456	}
457	;
458
459	argument_expression_list:
460	argument_expression
461	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
462	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
463	;
464
465	argument_expression:
466	// empty
467	{ $$ = nullptr; }
468	// \| '@' // use default argument
469	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
470	\| assignment_expression
471	;
472
473	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
474	field
475	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
476	;
477
478	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
479	field_name
480	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
481	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
482	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
483	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
484	\| field_name '.' field
485	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
486	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
487	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
488	\| field_name ARROW field
489	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
490	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
491	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
492	;
493
494	field_name:
495	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
496	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
497	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
498	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
499	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
500	{
501	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
502	}
503	;
504
505	fraction_constants:
506	// empty
507	{ $$ = nullptr; }
508	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
509	{
510	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
511	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
512	}
513	;
514
515	unary_expression:
516	postfix_expression
517	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
518	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
519	\| constant
520	{ $$ = $1; }
521	\| string_literal
522	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
523	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
524	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
525	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
526	// { * X; } // dereference X
527	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
528	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
529	{
530	switch ( $1 ) {
531	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
532	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
533	break;
534	case OperKinds::PointTo:
535	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
536	break;
537	default:
538	assert( false );
539	}
540	}
541	\| unary_operator cast_expression
542	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
543	\| ICR unary_expression
544	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
545	\| DECR unary_expression
546	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
547	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
548	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
549	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
550	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
551	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
552	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
553	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
554	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
555	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
556	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
557	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
558	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
559	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
560	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
561	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type ')'
562	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
563	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
564	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
565	;
566
567	ptrref_operator:
568	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
569	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
570	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
571	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
572	;
573
574	unary_operator:
575	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
576	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
577	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
578	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
579	;
580
581	cast_expression:
582	unary_expression
583	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
585	// VIRTUAL cannot be opt because of look ahead issues
586	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression
587	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( nullptr, $4 ) ); }
588	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression
589	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( $3, $5 ) ); }
590	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
591	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
592	;
593
594	exponential_expression:
595	cast_expression
596	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
597	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
598	;
599
600	multiplicative_expression:
601	exponential_expression
602	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
603	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
604	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
605	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
606	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
607	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
608	;
609
610	additive_expression:
611	multiplicative_expression
612	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
613	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
614	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
615	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
616	;
617
618	shift_expression:
619	additive_expression
620	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
621	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
622	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
623	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	relational_expression:
627	shift_expression
628	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
629	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
630	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
631	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
632	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
633	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
634	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
635	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
636	;
637
638	equality_expression:
639	relational_expression
640	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
641	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
642	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
643	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
644	;
645
646	AND_expression:
647	equality_expression
648	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
649	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
650	;
651
652	exclusive_OR_expression:
653	AND_expression
654	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
655	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
656	;
657
658	inclusive_OR_expression:
659	exclusive_OR_expression
660	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
661	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
662	;
663
664	logical_AND_expression:
665	inclusive_OR_expression
666	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
668	;
669
670	logical_OR_expression:
671	logical_AND_expression
672	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
673	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
674	;
675
676	conditional_expression:
677	logical_OR_expression
678	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
679	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
680	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
681	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
683	;
684
685	constant_expression:
686	conditional_expression
687	;
688
689	assignment_expression:
690	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
691	conditional_expression
692	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
693	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
694	;
695
696	assignment_expression_opt:
697	// empty
698	{ $$ = nullptr; }
699	\| assignment_expression
700	;
701
702	assignment_operator:
703	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
704	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
705	\| EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
706	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
707	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
708	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
709	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
710	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
711	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
712	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
713	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
714	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
715	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
716	;
717
718	tuple: // CFA, tuple
719	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
720	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
721	// '[' ']'
722	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
723	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
724	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
725	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
726	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
727	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
728	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
729	;
730
731	tuple_expression_list:
732	assignment_expression_opt
733	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
734	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
735	;
736
737	comma_expression:
738	assignment_expression
739	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
740	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
741	;
742
743	comma_expression_opt:
744	// empty
745	{ $$ = nullptr; }
746	\| comma_expression
747	;
748
749	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
750
751	statement:
752	labeled_statement
753	\| compound_statement
754	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
755	\| selection_statement
756	\| iteration_statement
757	\| jump_statement
758	\| with_statement
759	\| waitfor_statement
760	\| exception_statement
761	\| asm_statement
762
763	labeled_statement:
764	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
765	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
766	{
767	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
768	}
769	;
770
771	compound_statement:
772	'{' '}'
773	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
774	\| '{'
775	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
776	// requires its own scope.
777	push push
778	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
779	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
780	pop '}'
781	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
782	;
783
784	block_item_list: // C99
785	block_item
786	\| block_item_list push block_item
787	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
788	;
789
790	block_item:
791	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
792	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
793	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
794	{
795	distExt( $2 );
796	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
797	}
798	\| function_definition
799	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
800	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
801	{
802	distExt( $2 );
803	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
804	}
805	\| statement pop
806	;
807
808	statement_list:
809	statement
810	\| statement_list statement
811	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
812	;
813
814	expression_statement:
815	comma_expression_opt ';'
816	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
817	;
818
819	selection_statement:
820	IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
821	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
822	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, nullptr ) ); }
823	\| IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
824	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
825	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
826	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
827	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
828	{
829	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
830	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
831	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
832	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
833	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
834	// statement.
835	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
836	}
837	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
838	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
839	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
840	{
841	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
842	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
843	}
844	;
845
846	if_control_expression:
847	comma_expression pop
848	{ $$ = new IfCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
849	\| c_declaration pop // no semi-colon
850	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
851	\| cfa_declaration pop // no semi-colon
852	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
853	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
854	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, $2 ); }
855	;
856
857	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
858	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
859
860	case_value: // CFA
861	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
862	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
863	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
864	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
865	;
866
867	case_value_list: // CFA
868	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
869	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
870	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
871	;
872
873	case_label: // CFA
874	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
875	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
876	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
877	;
878
879	case_label_list: // CFA
880	case_label
881	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
882	;
883
884	case_clause: // CFA
885	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
886	;
887
888	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
889	// empty
890	{ $$ = nullptr; }
891	\| switch_clause_list
892	;
893
894	switch_clause_list: // CFA
895	case_label_list statement_list
896	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
897	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
898	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
899	;
900
901	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
902	// empty
903	{ $$ = nullptr; }
904	\| choose_clause_list
905	;
906
907	choose_clause_list: // CFA
908	case_label_list fall_through
909	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
910	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
911	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
912	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
913	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
914	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
915	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
916	;
917
918	fall_through_opt: // CFA
919	// empty
920	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
921	\| fall_through
922	;
923
924	fall_through: // CFA
925	FALLTHRU
926	{ $$ = nullptr; }
927	\| FALLTHRU ';'
928	{ $$ = nullptr; }
929	;
930
931	iteration_statement:
932	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
934	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
935	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
936	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
938	;
939
940	for_control_expression:
941	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
942	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
943	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
944	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
945	;
946
947	jump_statement:
948	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
949	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
950	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
951	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
952	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
953	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
954	\| CONTINUE ';'
955	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
956	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
957	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
958	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
959	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
960	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
961	\| BREAK ';'
962	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
963	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
964	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
965	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
966	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
967	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
968	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
969	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
970	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
971	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
972	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
973	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
974	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
975	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
976	;
977
978	with_statement:
979	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
980	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
981	;
982
983	when_clause_opt:
984	// empty
985	{ $$ = nullptr; }
986	\| WHEN '(' comma_expression ')'
987	{ $$ = $3; }
988	;
989
990	waitfor:
991	WAITFOR '(' identifier ')'
992	{
993	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new NameExpr( *$3 ) );
994	delete $3;
995	}
996	\| WAITFOR '(' identifier ',' argument_expression_list ')'
997	{
998	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new NameExpr( *$3 ) );
999	$$->set_last( $5 );
1000	delete $3;
1001	}
1002	;
1003
1004	timeout:
1005	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')'
1006	{ $$ = $3; }
1007	;
1008
1009	waitfor_clause:
1010	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1011	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1012	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1013	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ); }
1014	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1015	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1016	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1017	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, $3, $1 ); }
1018	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1019	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1, $7, $5 ); }
1020	;
1021
1022	waitfor_statement:
1023	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1024	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1025	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1026	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1027	;
1028
1029	exception_statement:
1030	TRY compound_statement handler_clause
1031	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1032	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1033	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1034	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1035	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1036	;
1037
1038	handler_clause:
1039	handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
1040	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $5, $7, $9 ) ); }
1041	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
1042	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $6, $8, $10 ) ) ); }
1043	;
1044
1045	handler_predicate_opt:
1046	//empty
1047	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1048	\| ';' conditional_expression
1049	{ $$ = $2; }
1050	;
1051
1052	handler_key:
1053	CATCH
1054	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1055	\| CATCHRESUME
1056	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1057	;
1058
1059	finally_clause:
1060	FINALLY compound_statement
1061	{
1062	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
1063	}
1064	;
1065
1066	exception_declaration:
1067	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1068	type_specifier_nobody
1069	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1070	{
1071	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1072	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1073	}
1074	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1075	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1076	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
1077	{
1078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1079	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1080	}
1081	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1082	;
1083
1084	asm_statement:
1085	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1086	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1087	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1088	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1089	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1090	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1091	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1092	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1093	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1094	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1095	;
1096
1097	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1098	// empty
1099	{ $$ = false; }
1100	\| VOLATILE
1101	{ $$ = true; }
1102	;
1103
1104	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1105	// empty
1106	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1107	\| asm_operands_list
1108	;
1109
1110	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1111	asm_operand
1112	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1113	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1114	;
1115
1116	asm_operand: // GCC
1117	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1118	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1119	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1120	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1121	;
1122
1123	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1124	// empty
1125	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1126	\| string_literal
1127	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1128	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1129	// set_last return ParseNode *
1130	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1131	;
1132
1133	label_list:
1134	no_attr_identifier
1135	{
1136	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1137	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1138	}
1139	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1140	{
1141	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1142	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1143	}
1144	;
1145
1146	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1147
1148	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1149	pop
1150	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1151	\| declaration_list
1152	;
1153
1154	declaration_list:
1155	declaration
1156	\| declaration_list push declaration
1157	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1158	;
1159
1160	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1161	// empty
1162	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1163	\| KR_declaration_list
1164	;
1165
1166	KR_declaration_list:
1167	push c_declaration pop ';'
1168	{ $$ = $2; }
1169	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1170	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1171	;
1172
1173	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1174	// empty
1175	\| local_label_declaration_list
1176	;
1177
1178	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1179	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1180	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1181	;
1182
1183	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1184	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1185	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1186	;
1187
1188	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1189	c_declaration pop ';'
1190	\| cfa_declaration pop ';' // CFA
1191	;
1192
1193	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1194	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1195	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1196	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1197	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1198	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1199	//
1200	// CFA C
1201	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1202	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1203
1204	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1205	cfa_variable_declaration
1206	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1207	\| cfa_function_declaration
1208	\| type_declaring_list
1209	\| trait_specifier
1210	;
1211
1212	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1213	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1214	{
1215	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1216	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1217	}
1218	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1219	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1220	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1221	{
1222	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1223	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1224	}
1225	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1226	{
1227	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1228	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1229	}
1230	;
1231
1232	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1233	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1234	// storage-class
1235	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1236	{
1237	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1238	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1239	}
1240	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1241	{
1242	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1243	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1244	}
1245	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1246	{
1247	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1248	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1249	}
1250	;
1251
1252	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1253	cfa_function_specifier
1254	{
1255	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1256	$$ = $1;
1257	}
1258	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1259	{
1260	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1261	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1262	}
1263	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1264	{
1265	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1266	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1267	}
1268	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1269	{
1270	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1271	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1272	}
1273	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1274	{
1275	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1276	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1277	}
1278	;
1279
1280	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1281	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1282	// {
1283	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1284	// }
1285	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1286	// {
1287	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1288	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1289	// }
1290	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1291	// {
1292	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1293	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1294	// }
1295	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1296	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1297	//
1298	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1299	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1300	//
1301	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1302	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1303	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1304	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1305	{
1306	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1307	}
1308	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1309	{
1310	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1311	}
1312	;
1313
1314	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1315	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1316	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1317	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1318	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1319	// ']'.
1320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1321	;
1322
1323	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1324	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1325	{
1326	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1327	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1328	}
1329	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1330	{
1331	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1332	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1333	}
1334	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1335	{
1336	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1337	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1338	}
1339	;
1340
1341	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1342	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1343
1344	typedef_declaration:
1345	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1346	{
1347	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1348	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1349	}
1350	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1351	{
1352	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1353	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1354	}
1355	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1356	{
1357	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1358	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1359	}
1360	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1361	{
1362	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1363	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1364	}
1365	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1366	{
1367	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1368	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1369	}
1370	;
1371
1372	typedef_expression:
1373	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1374	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1375	{
1376	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1377	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1378	}
1379	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1380	{
1381	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1382	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1383	}
1384	;
1385
1386	//c_declaration:
1387	// declaring_list pop ';'
1388	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1389	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1390	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1391	// ;
1392	//
1393	//declaring_list:
1394	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1395	// // storage-class
1396	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1397	// {
1398	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1399	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1400	// }
1401	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1402	// {
1403	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1404	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1405	// }
1406	// ;
1407
1408	c_declaration:
1409	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1410	{
1411	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1412	}
1413	\| typedef_declaration
1414	\| typedef_expression // GCC, naming expression type
1415	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1416	;
1417
1418	declaring_list:
1419	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1420	// storage-class
1421	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1422	{
1423	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1424	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1425	}
1426	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1427	{
1428	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1429	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1430	}
1431	;
1432
1433	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1434	basic_declaration_specifier
1435	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1436	\| type_declaration_specifier
1437	;
1438
1439	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1440	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1441	//
1442	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1443	//
1444	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1445	basic_declaration_specifier
1446	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1447	\| type_declaration_specifier
1448	;
1449
1450	type_specifier: // type specifier
1451	basic_type_specifier
1452	\| sue_type_specifier
1453	\| type_type_specifier
1454	;
1455
1456	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1457	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1458	//
1459	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1460	//
1461	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1462	basic_type_specifier
1463	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1464	\| type_type_specifier
1465	;
1466
1467	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1468	// empty
1469	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1470	\| type_qualifier_list
1471	;
1472
1473	type_qualifier_list:
1474	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1475	//
1476	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1477	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1478	// appeared only once.
1479	type_qualifier
1480	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1481	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1482	;
1483
1484	type_qualifier:
1485	type_qualifier_name
1486	\| attribute
1487	;
1488
1489	type_qualifier_name:
1490	CONST
1491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1492	\| RESTRICT
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1494	\| VOLATILE
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1496	\| MUTEX
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1498	\| ATOMIC
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1500	\| FORALL '('
1501	{
1502	typedefTable.enterScope();
1503	}
1504	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1505	{
1506	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1507	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1508	}
1509	;
1510
1511	declaration_qualifier_list:
1512	storage_class_list
1513	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1514	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1515	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1516	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1517	;
1518
1519	storage_class_list:
1520	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1521	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1522	//
1523	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1524	// specifiers in a declaration.
1525	storage_class
1526	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1527	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1528	;
1529
1530	storage_class:
1531	EXTERN
1532	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1533	\| STATIC
1534	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1535	\| AUTO
1536	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1537	\| REGISTER
1538	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1539	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1541	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1542	\| INLINE // C99
1543	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1544	\| FORTRAN // C99
1545	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1546	\| NORETURN // C11
1547	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1548	;
1549
1550	basic_type_name:
1551	CHAR
1552	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1553	\| DOUBLE
1554	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1555	\| FLOAT
1556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1557	\| INT
1558	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1559	\| LONG
1560	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1561	\| SHORT
1562	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1563	\| SIGNED
1564	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1565	\| UNSIGNED
1566	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1567	\| VOID
1568	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1569	\| BOOL // C99
1570	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1571	\| COMPLEX // C99
1572	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1573	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1574	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1575	\| ZERO_T
1576	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1577	\| ONE_T
1578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1579	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1580	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1581	;
1582
1583	basic_declaration_specifier:
1584	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1585	basic_type_specifier
1586	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1587	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1588	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1589	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1590	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1591	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1592	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1593	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1594	;
1595
1596	basic_type_specifier:
1597	direct_type
1598	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1599	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1600	;
1601
1602	direct_type:
1603	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1604	basic_type_name
1605	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1606	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1607	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1608	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1609	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1610	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1611	;
1612
1613	indirect_type:
1614	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1615	{ $$ = $3; }
1616	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1618	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1619	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1620	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1622	;
1623
1624	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1625	sue_type_specifier
1626	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1627	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1628	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1629	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1630	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1631	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1632	;
1633
1634	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1635	elaborated_type
1636	\| type_qualifier_list
1637	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1638	elaborated_type
1639	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1640	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1641	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1642	;
1643
1644	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1645	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1646	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1647	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1648	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1649	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1650	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1651	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1652	;
1653
1654	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1655	elaborated_type_nobody
1656	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1657	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1658	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1659	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1660	;
1661
1662	type_declaration_specifier:
1663	type_type_specifier
1664	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1665	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1666	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1667	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1668	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1669	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1670	;
1671
1672	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1673	type_name
1674	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1675	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1676	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1677	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1678	;
1679
1680	type_name:
1681	TYPEDEFname
1682	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1683	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ); } // FIX ME
1685	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ); } // FIX ME
1687	\| typegen_name
1688	\| '.' typegen_name
1689	{ $$ = $2; } // FIX ME
1690	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1691	{ $$ = $3; } // FIX ME
1692	;
1693
1694	typegen_name: // CFA
1695	TYPEGENname '(' ')'
1696	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1697	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1698	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1699	;
1700
1701	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1702	aggregate_type
1703	\| enum_type
1704	;
1705
1706	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1707	aggregate_type_nobody
1708	\| enum_type_nobody
1709	;
1710
1711	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1712	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1713	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1714	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1715	{
1716	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1717	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1718	forall = false; // reset
1719	}
1720	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1721	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1722	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1723	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1724	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1725	;
1726
1727	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1728	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier
1729	{
1730	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1731	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1732	}
1733	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname
1734	{
1735	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1736	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1737	}
1738	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA
1739	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1740	;
1741
1742	aggregate_key:
1743	STRUCT
1744	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1745	\| UNION
1746	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1747	\| COROUTINE
1748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1749	\| MONITOR
1750	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1751	\| THREAD
1752	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1753	;
1754
1755	field_declaration_list:
1756	// empty
1757	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1758	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1759	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1760	;
1761
1762	field_declaration:
1763	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1764	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1765	{
1766	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1767	$$ = $2;
1768	}
1769	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1770	{
1771	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1772	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1773	{
1774	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1775	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1776	}
1777	;
1778
1779	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1780	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1781	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1782	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1783	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1784	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1785	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1786	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1787	;
1788
1789	field_declaring_list:
1790	field_declarator
1791	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1792	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1793	;
1794
1795	field_declarator:
1796	// empty
1797	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1798	// '@'
1799	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1800	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1802	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1803	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1804	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1805	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1806	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1807	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1808	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1809	;
1810
1811	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1812	// empty
1813	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1814	\| bit_subrange_size
1815	{ $$ = $1; }
1816	;
1817
1818	bit_subrange_size:
1819	':' constant_expression
1820	{ $$ = $2; }
1821	;
1822
1823	enum_type: // enum
1824	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1825	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1826	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1827	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1828	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1829	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1830	\| enum_type_nobody
1831	;
1832
1833	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1834	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1835	{
1836	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1837	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1838	}
1839	;
1840
1841	enumerator_list:
1842	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1843	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1844	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1845	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1846	;
1847
1848	enumerator_value_opt:
1849	// empty
1850	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1851	\| '=' constant_expression
1852	{ $$ = $2; }
1853	;
1854
1855	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1856
1857	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1858	// empty
1859	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1860	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1861	;
1862
1863	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1864	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1865	\| cfa_parameter_list
1866	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1867	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1868	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1869	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1870	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1871	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1872	;
1873
1874	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1875	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1876	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1877	cfa_parameter_declaration
1878	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1879	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1880	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1881	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1882	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1883	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1884	;
1885
1886	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1887	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1888	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1889	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1890	;
1891
1892	parameter_type_list_opt:
1893	// empty
1894	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1895	\| parameter_type_list
1896	;
1897
1898	parameter_type_list:
1899	parameter_list
1900	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1901	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1902	;
1903
1904	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1905	abstract_parameter_declaration
1906	\| parameter_declaration
1907	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1908	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1909	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1910	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1911	;
1912
1913	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1914	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1915
1916	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1917	parameter_declaration
1918	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1919	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1920	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1921	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1922	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1923	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1924	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1925	\| cfa_function_specifier
1926	;
1927
1928	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1929	abstract_parameter_declaration
1930	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1931	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1932	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1933	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1934	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1935	\| cfa_abstract_function
1936	;
1937
1938	parameter_declaration:
1939	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1940	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1941	{
1942	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1943	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1944	}
1945	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initialize_opt
1946	{
1947	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1948	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1949	}
1950	;
1951
1952	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1953	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initialize_opt
1954	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1955	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1956	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1957	;
1958
1959	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1960	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1961	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1962
1963	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1964	no_attr_identifier
1965	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1966	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1967	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1968	;
1969
1970	identifier_or_type_name:
1971	identifier
1972	\| TYPEDEFname
1973	\| TYPEGENname
1974	;
1975
1976	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1977	no_attr_identifier
1978	\| TYPEDEFname
1979	\| TYPEGENname
1980	;
1981
1982	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1983	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1984	\| type_specifier
1985	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1986	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1987	;
1988
1989	type: // typeof, assertion
1990	type_no_function
1991	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1992	;
1993
1994	initializer_opt:
1995	// empty
1996	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1997	\| '=' initializer
1998	{ $$ = $2; }
1999	\| '=' VOID
2000	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2001	\| ATassign initializer
2002	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2003	;
2004
2005	initializer:
2006	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2007	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2008	;
2009
2010	initializer_list:
2011	// empty
2012	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2013	\| initializer
2014	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2015	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2016	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
2017	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
2018	;
2019
2020	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2021	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2022	//
2023	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2024	//
2025	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2026	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2027	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2028	// shift/reduce conflicts
2029
2030	designation:
2031	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2032	\| no_attr_identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2033	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2034	;
2035
2036	designator_list: // C99
2037	designator
2038	\| designator_list designator
2039	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
2040	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2041	;
2042
2043	designator:
2044	'.' no_attr_identifier // C99, field name
2045	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2046	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2047	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2048	{ $$ = $3; }
2049	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2050	{ $$ = $3; }
2051	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2052	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
2053	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2054	{ $$ = $4; }
2055	;
2056
2057	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2058	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2059	//
2060	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2061	//
2062	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2063	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2064	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2065	//
2066	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2067	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2068	//
2069	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2070	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2071	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2072	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2073	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2074
2075	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2076	type_parameter
2077	{ $$ = $1; }
2078	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2079	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2080	;
2081
2082	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2083	// empty
2084	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2085	\| '=' type
2086	{ $$ = $2; }
2087	;
2088
2089	type_parameter: // CFA
2090	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2091	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2092	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2093	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2094	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2095	;
2096
2097	type_class: // CFA
2098	OTYPE
2099	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2100	\| DTYPE
2101	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2102	\| FTYPE
2103	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2104	\| TTYPE
2105	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2106	;
2107
2108	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2109	// empty
2110	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2111	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2112	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2113	;
2114
2115	assertion: // CFA
2116	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2117	{
2118	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2119	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2120	}
2121	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2122	{ $$ = $4; }
2123	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_list ')'
2124	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2125	;
2126
2127	type_list: // CFA
2128	type
2129	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2130	\| assignment_expression
2131	\| type_list ',' type
2132	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2133	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2134	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2135	;
2136
2137	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2138	OTYPE type_declarator
2139	{ $$ = $2; }
2140	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2141	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2142	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2143	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2144	;
2145
2146	type_declarator: // CFA
2147	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2148	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2149	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2150	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2151	;
2152
2153	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2154	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2155	{
2156	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2157	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2158	}
2159	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2160	{
2161	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2162	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2163	}
2164	;
2165
2166	trait_specifier: // CFA
2167	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2168	{
2169	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2170	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2171	}
2172	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2173	{
2174	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2175	typedefTable.enterScope();
2176	}
2177	trait_declaration_list '}'
2178	{
2179	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2180	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2181	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2182	}
2183	;
2184
2185	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2186	trait_declaration
2187	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2188	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2189	;
2190
2191	trait_declaration: // CFA
2192	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2193	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2194	;
2195
2196	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2197	cfa_variable_specifier
2198	{
2199	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2200	$$ = $1;
2201	}
2202	\| cfa_function_specifier
2203	{
2204	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2205	$$ = $1;
2206	}
2207	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2208	{
2209	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2210	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2211	}
2212	;
2213
2214	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2215	type_specifier declarator
2216	{
2217	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2218	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2219	}
2220	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2221	{
2222	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2223	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2224	}
2225	;
2226
2227	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2228
2229	translation_unit:
2230	// empty
2231	{} // empty input file
2232	\| external_definition_list
2233	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2234	;
2235
2236	external_definition_list:
2237	external_definition
2238	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2239	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2240	;
2241
2242	external_definition_list_opt:
2243	// empty
2244	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2245	\| external_definition_list
2246	;
2247
2248	external_definition:
2249	declaration
2250	\| external_function_definition
2251	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2252	{
2253	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2254	}
2255	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2256	{
2257	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2258	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageUpdate( linkage, $2 );
2259	}
2260	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2261	{
2262	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2263	linkageStack.pop();
2264	$$ = $5;
2265	}
2266	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2267	{
2268	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2269	$$ = $2;
2270	}
2271	;
2272
2273	external_function_definition:
2274	function_definition
2275	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2276	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2277	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2278	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2279	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2280	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2281	{
2282	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2283	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2284	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2285	}
2286	\| KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2287	{
2288	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2289	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2290	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2291	}
2292	;
2293
2294	with_clause_opt:
2295	// empty
2296	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
2297	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2298	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
2299	;
2300
2301	function_definition:
2302	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2303	{
2304	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2305	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2306	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2307	}
2308	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2309	{
2310	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2311	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2312	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addType( $1 );
2313	}
2314	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2315	{
2316	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2317	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2318	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2319	}
2320	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2321	{
2322	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2323	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2324	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2325	}
2326	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2327	{
2328	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2329	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2330	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2331	}
2332
2333	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2334	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2335	{
2336	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2337	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2338	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2339	}
2340	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2341	{
2342	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2343	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2344	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2345	}
2346
2347	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2348	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2349	{
2350	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2351	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2352	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2353	}
2354	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2355	{
2356	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2357	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2358	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2359	}
2360	;
2361
2362	declarator:
2363	variable_declarator
2364	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2365	\| function_declarator
2366	;
2367
2368	subrange:
2369	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2370	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2371	;
2372
2373	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2374	// empty
2375	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2376	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2377	{
2378	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2379	name->asmName = $3;
2380	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2381	}
2382	;
2383
2384	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2385	// empty
2386	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2387	\| attribute_list
2388	;
2389
2390	attribute_list: // GCC
2391	attribute
2392	\| attribute_list attribute
2393	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2394	;
2395
2396	attribute: // GCC
2397	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2398	{ $$ = $4; }
2399	;
2400
2401	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2402	attribute_name
2403	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2404	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2405	;
2406
2407	attribute_name: // GCC
2408	// empty
2409	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2410	\| attr_name
2411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2412	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2414	;
2415
2416	attr_name: // GCC
2417	IDENTIFIER
2418	\| quasi_keyword
2419	\| TYPEDEFname
2420	\| TYPEGENname
2421	\| CONST
2422	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2423	;
2424
2425	// ============================================================================
2426	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2427	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2428	// in:
2429	//
2430	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2431	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2432	//
2433	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2434	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2435	// ============================================================================
2436
2437	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2438	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2439	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2440	//
2441	// valid declaration invalid definition
2442	// ----------------- ------------------
2443	// int f; int f {}
2444	// int f; int f {}
2445	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2446	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2447	//
2448	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2449	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2450	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2451
2452	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2453	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2454
2455	variable_declarator:
2456	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2457	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2458	\| variable_ptr
2459	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2460	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2461	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2462	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2463	;
2464
2465	paren_identifier:
2466	identifier
2467	{
2468	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2469	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2470	}
2471	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2472	{ $$ = $2; }
2473	;
2474
2475	variable_ptr:
2476	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2477	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2478	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2479	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2480	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2481	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2482	;
2483
2484	variable_array:
2485	paren_identifier array_dimension
2486	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2487	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2488	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2489	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2490	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2491	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2492	{ $$ = $2; }
2493	;
2494
2495	variable_function:
2496	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2497	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2498	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2499	{ $$ = $2; }
2500	;
2501
2502	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2503	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2504	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2505
2506	function_declarator:
2507	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2508	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2509	\| function_ptr
2510	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2511	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2512	;
2513
2514	function_no_ptr:
2515	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2516	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2517	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2518	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2519	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2520	{ $$ = $2; }
2521	;
2522
2523	function_ptr:
2524	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2525	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2526	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2527	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2528	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2529	{ $$ = $2; }
2530	;
2531
2532	function_array:
2533	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2534	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2535	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2536	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2537	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2538	{ $$ = $2; }
2539	;
2540
2541	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2542	//
2543	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2544	//
2545	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2546	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2547
2548	KR_function_declarator:
2549	KR_function_no_ptr
2550	\| KR_function_ptr
2551	\| KR_function_array
2552	;
2553
2554	KR_function_no_ptr:
2555	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2556	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2557	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2558	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2559	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2560	{ $$ = $2; }
2561	;
2562
2563	KR_function_ptr:
2564	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2565	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2566	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2567	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2568	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2569	{ $$ = $2; }
2570	;
2571
2572	KR_function_array:
2573	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2574	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2575	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2576	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2577	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2578	{ $$ = $2; }
2579	;
2580
2581	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2582	//
2583	// typedef int foo;
2584	// {
2585	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2586	// }
2587	//
2588	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2589	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2590
2591	variable_type_redeclarator:
2592	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2593	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2594	\| type_ptr
2595	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2596	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2597	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2598	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2599	;
2600
2601	paren_type:
2602	typedef
2603	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2604	{ $$ = $2; }
2605	;
2606
2607	type_ptr:
2608	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2609	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2610	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2611	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2612	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2613	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2614	;
2615
2616	type_array:
2617	paren_type array_dimension
2618	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2619	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2620	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2621	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2622	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2623	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2624	{ $$ = $2; }
2625	;
2626
2627	type_function:
2628	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2629	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2630	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2631	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2632	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2633	{ $$ = $2; }
2634	;
2635
2636	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2637	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2638	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2639	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2640
2641	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2642	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2643	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2644	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2645	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2646	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2647	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2648	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2649	;
2650
2651	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2652	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2653	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2654	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2655	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2656	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2657	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2658	;
2659
2660	identifier_parameter_array:
2661	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2662	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2663	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2664	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2665	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2666	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2667	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2668	{ $$ = $2; }
2669	;
2670
2671	identifier_parameter_function:
2672	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2673	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2674	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2675	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2676	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2677	{ $$ = $2; }
2678	;
2679
2680	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2681	// e.g.:
2682	//
2683	// typedef int foo;
2684	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2685	//
2686	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2687
2688	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2689	typedef attribute_list_opt
2690	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2691	\| type_parameter_ptr
2692	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2693	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2694	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2695	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2696	;
2697
2698	typedef:
2699	TYPEDEFname
2700	{
2701	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2702	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2703	}
2704	\| TYPEGENname
2705	{
2706	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2707	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2708	}
2709	;
2710
2711	type_parameter_ptr:
2712	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2713	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2714	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2715	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2716	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2717	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2718	;
2719
2720	type_parameter_array:
2721	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2722	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2723	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2724	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2725	;
2726
2727	type_parameter_function:
2728	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2729	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2730	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2731	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2732	;
2733
2734	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2735	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2736	//
2737	// sizeof( int );
2738	// sizeof( int * );
2739	// sizeof( int [10] );
2740	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2741	// sizeof( int () );
2742	//
2743	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2744	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2745
2746	abstract_declarator:
2747	abstract_ptr
2748	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2749	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2750	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2751	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2752	;
2753
2754	abstract_ptr:
2755	ptrref_operator
2756	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2757	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2758	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2759	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2760	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2761	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2762	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2763	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2764	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2765	;
2766
2767	abstract_array:
2768	array_dimension
2769	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2770	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2771	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2772	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2773	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2774	{ $$ = $2; }
2775	;
2776
2777	abstract_function:
2778	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2779	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2780	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2781	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2782	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2783	{ $$ = $2; }
2784	;
2785
2786	array_dimension:
2787	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2788	'[' ']'
2789	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2790	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2791	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2792	\| multi_array_dimension
2793	;
2794
2795	multi_array_dimension:
2796	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2797	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2798	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2799	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2800	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2801	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2802	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2803	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2804	;
2805
2806	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2807	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2808	//
2809	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2810	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2811	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2812	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2813	//
2814	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2815	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2816	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2817	//
2818	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2819	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2820	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2821	//
2822	// For example:
2823	//
2824	// typedef float T;
2825	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2826	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2827	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2828	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2829	//
2830	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2831	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2832	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2833	// functions.
2834
2835	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2836	abstract_parameter_ptr
2837	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2838	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2839	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2840	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2841	;
2842
2843	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2844	ptrref_operator
2845	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
2846	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2847	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2848	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2849	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
2850	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2851	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2852	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2853	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2854	;
2855
2856	abstract_parameter_array:
2857	array_parameter_dimension
2858	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2859	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2860	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2861	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2862	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2863	{ $$ = $2; }
2864	;
2865
2866	abstract_parameter_function:
2867	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2868	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2869	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2870	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2871	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2872	{ $$ = $2; }
2873	;
2874
2875	array_parameter_dimension:
2876	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2877	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2878	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2879	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2880	\| multi_array_dimension
2881	;
2882
2883	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2884	//
2885	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2886	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2887
2888	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2889	'[' ']'
2890	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2891	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2892	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2894	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2896	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2897	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2898	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2899	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2900	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2901	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2902	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2903	;
2904
2905	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2906	//
2907	// struct S {
2908	// int;
2909	// int *;
2910	// int [10];
2911	// int (*)();
2912	// };
2913
2914	variable_abstract_declarator:
2915	variable_abstract_ptr
2916	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2917	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2918	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2919	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2920	;
2921
2922	variable_abstract_ptr:
2923	ptrref_operator
2924	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2925	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2926	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2927	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2928	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2929	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2930	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2931	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2932	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2933	;
2934
2935	variable_abstract_array:
2936	array_dimension
2937	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2938	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2939	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2940	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2941	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2942	{ $$ = $2; }
2943	;
2944
2945	variable_abstract_function:
2946	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2947	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2948	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2949	{ $$ = $2; }
2950	;
2951
2952	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2953	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2954
2955	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2956	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2957	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2958	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2959	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2960	;
2961
2962	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2963	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2964	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2965	;
2966
2967	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2968	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2969	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2970	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2971	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2972	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2973	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2974	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2975	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2976	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2977	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2978	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2979	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2980	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2981	;
2982
2983	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2984	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2985	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2986	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2987	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2988	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2989	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2990	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2991	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2992	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2993	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2994	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2995	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2996
2997	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2998	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2999	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3000	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3001	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3002	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3003	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3004	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3005	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3006	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3007	;
3008
3009	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3010	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3011	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3012	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3013	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3014	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3015	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3016	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3017	// appear in this context.
3018	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3019	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3020	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3021	;
3022
3023	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3024	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3025	//
3026	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3027	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3028	//
3029	// These rules need LR(3):
3030	//
3031	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3032	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3033	//
3034	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3035	//
3036	// [int, int] t;
3037	// [int, int] f( int );
3038	//
3039	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3040	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3041	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3042	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3043
3044	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3045	cfa_abstract_tuple
3046	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3047	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3048	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3049	;
3050
3051	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3052	cfa_abstract_ptr
3053	\| cfa_abstract_array
3054	;
3055
3056	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3057	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3058	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3059	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3060	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3061	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3062	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3063	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3064	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3065	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3066	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3067	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3068	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3069	;
3070
3071	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3072	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3073	// empty (void) function return type.
3074	'[' ']' type_specifier
3075	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3076	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3077	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3078	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3079	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3080	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3081	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3082	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3083	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3084	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3085	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3086	;
3087
3088	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3089	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3090	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3091	;
3092
3093	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3094	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3095	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3096	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3097	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3098	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3099	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3100	;
3101
3102	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3103	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3104	//
3105	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3106	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3107	//
3108	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3109	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3110	//
3111	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3112	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3113
3114	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3115
3116	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3117	// empty
3118	\| ','
3119	;
3120
3121	default_initialize_opt:
3122	// empty
3123	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3124	\| '=' assignment_expression
3125	{ $$ = $2; }
3126	;
3127
3128	%%
3129	// ----end of grammar----
3130
3131	extern char *yytext;
3132
3133	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3134	cout << "Error ";
3135	if ( yyfilename ) {
3136	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3137	} // if
3138	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3139	}
3140
3141	// Local Variables: //
3142	// mode: c++ //
3143	// tab-width: 4 //
3144	// compile-command: "make install" //
3145	// End: //

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