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parser.yy @ 2ac218d

ADTast-experimentalenumforall-pointer-decayjacob/cs343-translationnew-ast-unique-exprpthread-emulationqualifiedEnum

Last change on this file since 2ac218d was 2ac218d, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 3 years ago
add commented out parse rules for new ftype syntax
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 145.4 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sat Jun 26 08:44:14 2021
13	// Update Count : 5025
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
46
47	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
48
49	#include <cstdio>
50	#include <stack>
51	using namespace std;
52
53	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
54	#include "ParseNode.h"
55	#include "TypedefTable.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
59	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
62	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
63	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
64
65	stack<LinkageSpec::Spec> linkageStack;
66
67	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
68	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
69	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
70	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
71	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
72	//
73	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
74	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
75	// i.e., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
76
77	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
78	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
79	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
80	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
81	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
82	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
83	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
84	} // if
85	} else {
86	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
87	to = "u8" + to;
88	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
89	} else {
90	to = from[0] + to;
91	} // if
92	} // if
93	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
94	} // if
95	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
96	return true;
97	} // appendStr
98
99	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
100	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
101	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
102	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
103	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
104	} // for
105	declList->addType( cl );
106	return declList;
107	} // distAttr
108
109	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
110	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
111	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
112	iter->set_extension( true );
113	} // for
114	} // distExt
115
116	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
117	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
118	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
119	iter->set_inLine( true );
120	} // for
121	} // distInl
122
123	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
124	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
125	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
126	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
127	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
128	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
129	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
130	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
131	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
132	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
133	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
134	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
135	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
136	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
137	DeclarationNode newnode;
138	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
139	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
140	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
141	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
142	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
143	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
144	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
145	} // if
146	} else { // just SC qualifiers
147	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
148	} // if
149	} // for
150	delete qualifiers;
151	} // distQual
152
153	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
154	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
155	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
156	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
157	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
158	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
159	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
160
161	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
162	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
163	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
164	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
165	} // if
166	} // rebindForall
167
168	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
169	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
170	return name;
171	} // build_postfix_name
172
173	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
174	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
175	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
176	stringstream ss;
177	typeSpec->type->print( ss );
178	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
179	return nullptr;
180	} // if
181	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
182	} // if
183	return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
184	} // fieldDecl
185
186	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
187	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
188	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
189	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
190	} // if
191	return new ForCtrl(
192	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
193	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
194	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : 0,
195	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
196	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : 0 );
197	} // forCtrl
198
199	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
200	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
201	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
202	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
203	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
204	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
205	} else {
206	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
207	} // if
208	} else {
209	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
210	} // if
211	} // forCtrl
212
213	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
214
215	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
216	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
217	if ( N ) { \
218	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
219	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
220	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
221	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
222	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
223	} else { \
224	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
225	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
226	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
227	}
228	%}
229
230	%define parse.error verbose
231
232	// Types declaration for productions
233	%union {
234	Token tok;
235	ParseNode * pn;
236	ExpressionNode * en;
237	DeclarationNode * decl;
238	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
239	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
240	StatementNode * sn;
241	WaitForStmt * wfs;
242	Expression * constant;
243	IfCtrl * ifctl;
244	ForCtrl * fctl;
245	enum OperKinds compop;
246	LabelNode * label;
247	InitializerNode * in;
248	OperKinds op;
249	std::string * str;
250	bool flag;
251	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
252	GenericExpr * genexpr;
253	}
254
255	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
256
257	// keywords
258	%token TYPEDEF
259	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
260	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
261	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
262	%token NORETURN // C11
263	%token CONST VOLATILE
264	%token RESTRICT // C99
265	%token ATOMIC // C11
266	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
267	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
268	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
269	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
270	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
271	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
272	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
273	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VALIST AUTO_TYPE // GCC
274	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
275	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
276	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
277	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
278	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
279	// %token RESUME // CFA
280	%token LABEL // GCC
281	%token SUSPEND // CFA
282	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
283	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
284	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
285	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
286	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
287	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
288
289	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
290	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
291	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
292	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
293	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
294	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
295	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
296	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
297	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
298
299	// multi-character operators
300	%token ARROW // ->
301	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
302	%token LS RS // << >>
303	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
304	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
305	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
306
307	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
308	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
309	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
310	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
311
312	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
313	%token ATassign // @=
314
315	%type<tok> identifier
316	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name attr_name
317	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
318	%type<constant> string_literal
319	%type<str> string_literal_list
320
321	// expressions
322	%type<en> constant
323	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
324	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
325	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
326	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
327	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
328	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
329	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
330	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
331	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
332	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression default_initializer_opt
333	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
334	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
335	%type<compop> inclexcl
336	%type<en> subrange
337	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
338	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
339	%type<label> label_list
340	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
341	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
342	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
343	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
344
345	// statements
346	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
347	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
348	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
349	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
350	%type<en> case_value
351	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
352	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
353	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
354	%type<sn> with_statement
355	%type<en> with_clause_opt
356	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
357	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
358	%type<sn> mutex_statement
359	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
360	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
361	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
362
363	// declarations
364	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
365	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
366	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
367
368	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
369	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
370
371	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
372
373	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
374
375	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
376	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
377
378	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
379
380	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
381	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
382
383	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
384
385	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
386	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
387
388	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
389
390	%type<decl> exception_declaration
391
392	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
393	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
394
395	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
396
397	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
398	%type<decl> identifier_list
399
400	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
401	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
402	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
403
404	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
405
406	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
407	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
408
409	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
410	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
411
412	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
413
414	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
415
416	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
417	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
418	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
419
420	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
421
422	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
423
424	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
425
426	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
427
428	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
429	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
430
431	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
432	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
433
434	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
435
436	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
437
438	%type<decl> type type_no_function
439	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
440
441	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
442
443	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
444	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
445
446	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
447	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
448
449	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
450
451	// initializers
452	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
453
454	// designators
455	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
456
457
458	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
459	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
460	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
461	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
462	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
463
464	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
465	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
466	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
467	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
468	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
469	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
470	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
471	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
472	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
473	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
474	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
475
476
477	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
478	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
479	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
480	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
481	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
482	// must be:
483	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
484	// The same problem occurs here:
485	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
486	// must be:
487	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
488
489	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
490	%precedence TYPEGENname
491	%precedence '}'
492	%precedence '('
493
494	// %precedence RESUME
495	// %precedence '{'
496	// %precedence ')'
497
498	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
499
500	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
501
502	%%
503	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
504
505	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
506	// which are lexically identical.
507	//
508	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
509	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
510	//
511	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
512	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
513	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
514	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
515	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
516	//
517	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
518	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
519	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
520	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
521	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
522	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
523	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
524	//
525	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
526	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
527	// around the list separator.
528	//
529	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
530	// push pop push pop
531
532	push:
533	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
534	;
535
536	pop:
537	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
538	;
539
540	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
541
542	constant:
543	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
544	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
545	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
546	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
547	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
548	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
549	;
550
551	quasi_keyword: // CFA
552	TIMEOUT
553	\| WOR
554	\| CATCH
555	\| RECOVER
556	\| CATCHRESUME
557	\| FIXUP
558	\| FINALLY
559	;
560
561	identifier:
562	IDENTIFIER
563	\| quasi_keyword
564	\| '@' // CFA
565	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
566	;
567
568	string_literal:
569	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
570	;
571
572	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
573	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
574	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
575	{
576	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
577	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
578	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
579	}
580	;
581
582	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
583
584	primary_expression:
585	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
587	\| quasi_keyword
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
589	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
590	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
591	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( $1 ) ); }
593	\| tuple
594	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
595	{ $$ = $2; }
596	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
597	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast<CompoundStmt *>(maybeMoveBuild<Statement>($2) ) ) ); }
598	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
599	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
600	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
601	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
602	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
603	{
604	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
605	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
606	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
607	}
608	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
609	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
610	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
611	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
612	;
613
614	generic_assoc_list: // C11
615	generic_association
616	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
617	{
618	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
619	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
620	delete $3;
621	$$ = $1;
622	}
623	;
624
625	generic_association: // C11
626	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
627	{
628	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
629	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } );
630	}
631	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
632	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } ); }
633	;
634
635	postfix_expression:
636	primary_expression
637	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
638	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
639	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
640	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array subscript is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
641	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
642	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
643	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
644	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
645	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
646	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
647	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
648	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
649	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
650	{
651	Token fn;
652	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
653	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
654	}
655	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
657	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
658	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
659	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
660	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
661	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
662	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
663	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
664	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
665	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
667	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
669	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
671	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
673	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
674	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
675	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
676	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
677	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
678	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
679	\| postfix_expression ICR
680	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
681	\| postfix_expression DECR
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
683	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
684	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
685	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
686	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
687	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
688	{
689	Token fn;
690	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
691	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
692	}
693	;
694
695	argument_expression_list_opt:
696	// empty
697	{ $$ = nullptr; }
698	\| argument_expression
699	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
700	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
701	;
702
703	argument_expression:
704	'@' // CFA, default parameter
705	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
706	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
707	\| assignment_expression
708	;
709
710	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
711	field
712	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
713	;
714
715	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
716	field_name
717	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
718	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
719	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
720	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
721	\| field_name '.' field
722	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
723	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
724	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
725	\| field_name ARROW field
726	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
727	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
728	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
729	;
730
731	field_name:
732	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
733	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
734	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
735	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
736	\| identifier fraction_constants_opt
737	{
738	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
739	}
740	;
741
742	fraction_constants_opt:
743	// empty
744	{ $$ = nullptr; }
745	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
746	{
747	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
748	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
749	}
750	;
751
752	unary_expression:
753	postfix_expression
754	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
755	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
756	\| constant
757	\| string_literal
758	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
759	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
760	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
761	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
762	// { * X; } // dereference X
763	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
764	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
765	{
766	switch ( $1 ) {
767	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
768	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) );
769	break;
770	case OperKinds::PointTo:
771	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
772	break;
773	case OperKinds::And:
774	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ) );
775	break;
776	default:
777	assert( false );
778	}
779	}
780	\| unary_operator cast_expression
781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
782	\| ICR unary_expression
783	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
784	\| DECR unary_expression
785	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
786	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
787	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
788	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
789	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
790	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
791	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
792	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
793	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
794	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
795	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
796	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
797	{
798	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
799	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
800	}
801	;
802
803	ptrref_operator:
804	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
805	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
806	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
807	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
808	;
809
810	unary_operator:
811	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
812	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
813	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
814	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
815	;
816
817	cast_expression:
818	unary_expression
819	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
820	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
821	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
823	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
825	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
827	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
829	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
830	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
831	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
832	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
833	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
834	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
835	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
836	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
837	;
838
839	qualifier_cast_list:
840	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
841	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
842	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
843	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
844	;
845
846	cast_modifier:
847	'-'
848	\| '+'
849	;
850
851	exponential_expression:
852	cast_expression
853	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
854	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
855	;
856
857	multiplicative_expression:
858	exponential_expression
859	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
860	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
861	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
862	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
863	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
864	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
865	;
866
867	additive_expression:
868	multiplicative_expression
869	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
870	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
871	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
872	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
873	;
874
875	shift_expression:
876	additive_expression
877	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
878	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
879	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
880	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
881	;
882
883	relational_expression:
884	shift_expression
885	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
886	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
887	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
888	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
889	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
890	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
891	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
892	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
893	;
894
895	equality_expression:
896	relational_expression
897	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
898	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
899	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
900	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
901	;
902
903	AND_expression:
904	equality_expression
905	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
906	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
907	;
908
909	exclusive_OR_expression:
910	AND_expression
911	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
912	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
913	;
914
915	inclusive_OR_expression:
916	exclusive_OR_expression
917	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
918	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
919	;
920
921	logical_AND_expression:
922	inclusive_OR_expression
923	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
924	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
925	;
926
927	logical_OR_expression:
928	logical_AND_expression
929	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
930	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
931	;
932
933	conditional_expression:
934	logical_OR_expression
935	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
936	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
937	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
938	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
939	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
940	;
941
942	constant_expression:
943	conditional_expression
944	;
945
946	assignment_expression:
947	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
948	conditional_expression
949	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
950	{
951	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
952	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
953	// } else {
954	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) );
955	// } // if
956	}
957	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
958	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
959	;
960
961	assignment_expression_opt:
962	// empty
963	{ $$ = nullptr; }
964	\| assignment_expression
965	;
966
967	assignment_operator:
968	simple_assignment_operator
969	\| compound_assignment_operator
970	;
971
972	simple_assignment_operator:
973	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
974	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
975	;
976
977	compound_assignment_operator:
978	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
979	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
980	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
981	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
982	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
983	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
984	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
985	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
986	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
987	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
988	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
989	;
990
991	tuple: // CFA, tuple
992	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
993	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
994	// '[' ']'
995	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
996	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
997	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
998	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
999	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1000	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1001	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1002	;
1003
1004	tuple_expression_list:
1005	assignment_expression
1006	\| '@' // CFA
1007	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1008	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1009	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1010	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1011	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1012	;
1013
1014	comma_expression:
1015	assignment_expression
1016	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1017	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1018	;
1019
1020	comma_expression_opt:
1021	// empty
1022	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1023	\| comma_expression
1024	;
1025
1026	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
1027
1028	statement:
1029	labeled_statement
1030	\| compound_statement
1031	\| expression_statement
1032	\| selection_statement
1033	\| iteration_statement
1034	\| jump_statement
1035	\| with_statement
1036	\| mutex_statement
1037	\| waitfor_statement
1038	\| exception_statement
1039	\| enable_disable_statement
1040	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1041	\| asm_statement
1042	\| DIRECTIVE
1043	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1044	;
1045
1046	labeled_statement:
1047	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1048	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1049	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1050	;
1051
1052	compound_statement:
1053	'{' '}'
1054	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1055	\| '{' push
1056	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1057	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1058	pop '}'
1059	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1060	;
1061
1062	statement_decl_list: // C99
1063	statement_decl
1064	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1065	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1066	;
1067
1068	statement_decl:
1069	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1070	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1071	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1072	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1073	\| function_definition
1074	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1075	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1076	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1077	\| statement
1078	;
1079
1080	statement_list_nodecl:
1081	statement
1082	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1083	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1084	;
1085
1086	expression_statement:
1087	comma_expression_opt ';'
1088	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1089	;
1090
1091	selection_statement:
1092	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1093	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1094	push if_statement pop
1095	{ $$ = $2; }
1096	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1097	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1098	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1099	{
1100	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1101	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1102	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1103	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1104	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1105	// statement.
1106	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1107	}
1108	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1109	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1110	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1111	{
1112	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1113	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1114	}
1115	;
1116
1117	if_statement:
1118	IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
1119	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1120	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1121	\| IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
1122	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), maybe_build_compound( $7 ) ) ); }
1123	;
1124
1125	if_control_expression:
1126	comma_expression
1127	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1128	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1129	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1130	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1131	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1132	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1133	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, $2 ); }
1134	;
1135
1136	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1137	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1138
1139	case_value: // CFA
1140	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1141	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1142	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1143	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1144	;
1145
1146	case_value_list: // CFA
1147	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1148	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1149	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1150	;
1151
1152	case_label: // CFA
1153	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1154	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1155	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1156	;
1157
1158	//label_list_opt:
1159	// // empty
1160	// \| identifier_or_type_name ':'
1161	// \| label_list_opt identifier_or_type_name ':'
1162	// ;
1163
1164	case_label_list: // CFA
1165	case_label
1166	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1167	;
1168
1169	case_clause: // CFA
1170	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ); }
1171	;
1172
1173	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1174	// empty
1175	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1176	\| switch_clause_list
1177	;
1178
1179	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1180	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1181	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1182	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1183	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1184	;
1185
1186	iteration_statement:
1187	WHILE '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement pop
1188	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $4, maybe_build_compound( $6 ) ) ); }
1189	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement // CFA => while ( 1 )
1190	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new IfCtrl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1191	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1192	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1193	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1194	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1195	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression_list ')' statement pop
1196	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, maybe_build_compound( $6 ) ) ); }
1197	\| FOR '(' ')' statement // CFA => for ( ;; )
1198	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1199	;
1200
1201	for_control_expression_list:
1202	for_control_expression
1203	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1204	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1205	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1206	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1207	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1208	{
1209	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1210	if ( $1->condition ) {
1211	if ( $3->condition ) {
1212	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1213	} // if
1214	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1215	if ( $1->change ) {
1216	if ( $3->change ) {
1217	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1218	} // if
1219	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1220	$$ = $1;
1221	}
1222	;
1223
1224	for_control_expression:
1225	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1226	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1227	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1228	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1229	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1230	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1231
1232	\| comma_expression // CFA
1233	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1234	OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1235	\| '=' comma_expression // CFA
1236	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1237	OperKinds::LEThan, $2->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1238	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1239	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1240	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1241	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, $5 ); }
1242	\| comma_expression ';' // CFA
1243	{ $$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0u" ) ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1244	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1245	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1246	OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1247	\| comma_expression ';' '=' comma_expression // CFA
1248	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1249	OperKinds::LEThan, $4->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1250	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1251	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1252	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1253	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, $7 ); }
1254
1255	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1256	{
1257	SemanticError( yylloc, "Array interator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1258	$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1259	}
1260
1261	// There is a S/R conflicit if ~ and -~ are factored out.
1262	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1263	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1264	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' // CFA
1265	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1266	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1267	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1268	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1269	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1270	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1271	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1272	;
1273
1274	inclexcl:
1275	'~'
1276	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1277	\| ErangeUpEq
1278	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1279	\| ErangeDown
1280	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1281	\| ErangeDownEq
1282	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1283	;
1284
1285	jump_statement:
1286	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1287	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1288	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1289	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1290	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1291	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1292	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1293	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1294	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1295	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1296	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1297	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1298	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1299	\| CONTINUE ';'
1300	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1301	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1302	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1303	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1304	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1305	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1306	\| BREAK ';'
1307	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1308	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1309	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1310	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1311	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1312	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1313	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1315	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1316	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1317	\| SUSPEND ';'
1318	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr ) ); }
1319	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1320	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $2 ) ); }
1321	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1322	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1323	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1324	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1325	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1326	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1327	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1328	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1329	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1330	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1331	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1332	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1333	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1334	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1335	;
1336
1337	fall_through_name: // CFA
1338	FALLTHRU
1339	\| FALLTHROUGH
1340	;
1341
1342	with_statement:
1343	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1344	{
1345	$$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) );
1346	}
1347	;
1348
1349	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1350	mutex_statement:
1351	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1352	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Mutex statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1353	;
1354
1355	when_clause:
1356	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1357	;
1358
1359	when_clause_opt:
1360	// empty
1361	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1362	\| when_clause
1363	;
1364
1365	waitfor:
1366	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1367	{ $$ = $3; }
1368	// \| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1369	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1370	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1371	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1372	;
1373
1374	cast_expression_list:
1375	cast_expression
1376	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1377	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1378	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1379	;
1380
1381	timeout:
1382	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1383	;
1384
1385	waitfor_clause:
1386	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1387	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1388	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1389	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, $5 ); }
1390	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1391	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1392	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1393	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1394	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1395	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement
1396	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1397	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1398	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, maybe_build_compound( $7 ), $5 ); }
1399	;
1400
1401	waitfor_statement:
1402	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1403	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1404	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1405	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1406	;
1407
1408	exception_statement:
1409	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1410	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1411	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1412	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1413	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1414	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1415	;
1416
1417	handler_clause:
1418	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1419	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1420	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1421	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1422	;
1423
1424	handler_predicate_opt:
1425	// empty
1426	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1427	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1428	;
1429
1430	handler_key:
1431	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1432	\| RECOVER { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1433	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1434	\| FIXUP { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1435	;
1436
1437	finally_clause:
1438	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1439	;
1440
1441	exception_declaration:
1442	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1443	type_specifier_nobody
1444	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1445	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1446	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1447	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1448	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1449	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1450	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1451	;
1452
1453	enable_disable_statement:
1454	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1455	;
1456
1457	enable_disable_key:
1458	ENABLE
1459	\| DISABLE
1460	;
1461
1462	asm_statement:
1463	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1464	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1465	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1466	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1467	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1468	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1469	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1470	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1471	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1472	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1473	;
1474
1475	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1476	// empty
1477	{ $$ = false; }
1478	\| VOLATILE
1479	{ $$ = true; }
1480	;
1481
1482	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1483	// empty
1484	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1485	\| asm_operands_list
1486	;
1487
1488	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1489	asm_operand
1490	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1491	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1492	;
1493
1494	asm_operand: // GCC
1495	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1496	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1497	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1498	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $6 ) ) ); }
1499	;
1500
1501	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1502	// empty
1503	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1504	\| string_literal
1505	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1506	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1507	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1508	;
1509
1510	label_list:
1511	identifier
1512	{
1513	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1514	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1515	}
1516	\| label_list ',' identifier
1517	{
1518	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1519	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1520	}
1521	;
1522
1523	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1524
1525	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1526	// empty
1527	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1528	\| declaration_list
1529	;
1530
1531	declaration_list:
1532	declaration
1533	\| declaration_list declaration
1534	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1535	;
1536
1537	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1538	// empty
1539	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1540	\| KR_parameter_list
1541	;
1542
1543	KR_parameter_list:
1544	push c_declaration pop ';'
1545	{ $$ = $2; }
1546	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1547	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1548	;
1549
1550	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1551	// empty
1552	\| local_label_declaration_list
1553	;
1554
1555	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1556	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1557	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1558	;
1559
1560	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1561	identifier_or_type_name
1562	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1563	;
1564
1565	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1566	c_declaration ';'
1567	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1568	\| static_assert // C11
1569	;
1570
1571	static_assert:
1572	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1573	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1574	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1575	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1576
1577	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1578	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1579	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1580	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1581	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1582	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1583	//
1584	// CFA C
1585	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1586	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1587
1588	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1589	cfa_variable_declaration
1590	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1591	\| cfa_function_declaration
1592	\| type_declaring_list
1593	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1594	\| trait_specifier
1595	;
1596
1597	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1598	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1599	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1600	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1601	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1602	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1603	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1604	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1605	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1606	;
1607
1608	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1609	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1610	// storage-class
1611	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1612	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1613	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1614	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1615	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1616	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1617	;
1618
1619	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1620	cfa_function_specifier
1621	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1622	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1623	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1624	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1625	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1626	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1627	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1628	{
1629	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1630	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1631	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1632	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1633	}
1634	;
1635
1636	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1637	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1638	// {
1639	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1640	// }
1641	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1642	// {
1643	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1644	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1645	// }
1646	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1647	// {
1648	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1649	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1650	// }
1651	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1652	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1653	//
1654	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1655	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1656	//
1657	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1658	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1659	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1660	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1661	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1662	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1663	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1664	;
1665
1666	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1667	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1668	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1669	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1670	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1671	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1672	;
1673
1674	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1675	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1676	{
1677	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1678	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1679	}
1680	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1681	{
1682	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1683	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1684	}
1685	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1686	{
1687	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1688	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1689	}
1690	;
1691
1692	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1693	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1694
1695	typedef_declaration:
1696	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1697	{
1698	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1699	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1700	}
1701	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1702	{
1703	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1704	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1705	}
1706	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1707	{
1708	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1709	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1710	}
1711	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1712	{
1713	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1714	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1715	}
1716	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1717	{
1718	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1719	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1720	}
1721	;
1722
1723	typedef_expression:
1724	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1725	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1726	{
1727	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1728	}
1729	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1730	{
1731	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1732	}
1733	;
1734
1735	c_declaration:
1736	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1737	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1738	\| typedef_declaration
1739	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
1740	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1741	;
1742
1743	declaring_list:
1744	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1745	// storage-class
1746	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1747	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1748	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1749	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1750	;
1751
1752	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1753	basic_declaration_specifier
1754	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1755	\| type_declaration_specifier
1756	;
1757
1758	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1759	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1760	//
1761	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1762	//
1763	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1764	basic_declaration_specifier
1765	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1766	\| type_declaration_specifier
1767	;
1768
1769	type_specifier: // type specifier
1770	basic_type_specifier
1771	\| sue_type_specifier
1772	\| type_type_specifier
1773	;
1774
1775	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1776	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1777	//
1778	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1779	//
1780	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1781	basic_type_specifier
1782	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1783	\| type_type_specifier
1784	;
1785
1786	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1787	// empty
1788	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1789	\| type_qualifier_list
1790	;
1791
1792	type_qualifier_list:
1793	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1794	//
1795	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1796	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1797	// appeared only once.
1798	type_qualifier
1799	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1800	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1801	;
1802
1803	type_qualifier:
1804	type_qualifier_name
1805	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
1806	;
1807
1808	type_qualifier_name:
1809	CONST
1810	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1811	\| RESTRICT
1812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1813	\| VOLATILE
1814	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1815	\| ATOMIC
1816	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1817	\| forall
1818	;
1819
1820	forall:
1821	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1822	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
1823	;
1824
1825	declaration_qualifier_list:
1826	storage_class_list
1827	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1828	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1829	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1830	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1831	;
1832
1833	storage_class_list:
1834	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1835	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1836	//
1837	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1838	// specifiers in a declaration.
1839	storage_class
1840	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1841	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1842	;
1843
1844	storage_class:
1845	EXTERN
1846	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1847	\| STATIC
1848	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1849	\| AUTO
1850	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1851	\| REGISTER
1852	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1853	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1854	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1855	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1856	\| INLINE // C99
1857	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1858	\| FORTRAN // C99
1859	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1860	\| NORETURN // C11
1861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1862	;
1863
1864	basic_type_name:
1865	VOID
1866	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1867	\| BOOL // C99
1868	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1869	\| CHAR
1870	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1871	\| INT
1872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1873	\| INT128
1874	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1875	\| UINT128
1876	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
1877	\| FLOAT
1878	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1879	\| DOUBLE
1880	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1881	\| uuFLOAT80
1882	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
1883	\| uuFLOAT128
1884	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
1885	\| uFLOAT16
1886	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
1887	\| uFLOAT32
1888	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
1889	\| uFLOAT32X
1890	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
1891	\| uFLOAT64
1892	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
1893	\| uFLOAT64X
1894	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
1895	\| uFLOAT128
1896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
1897	\| DECIMAL32
1898	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1899	\| DECIMAL64
1900	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1901	\| DECIMAL128
1902	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1903	\| COMPLEX // C99
1904	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1905	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1906	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1907	\| SIGNED
1908	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1909	\| UNSIGNED
1910	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1911	\| SHORT
1912	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1913	\| LONG
1914	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1915	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1916	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1917	\| AUTO_TYPE
1918	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
1919	\| vtable
1920	;
1921
1922	vtable_opt:
1923	// empty
1924	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1925	\| vtable;
1926	;
1927
1928	vtable:
1929	VTABLE '(' type_list ')' default_opt
1930	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1931	;
1932
1933	default_opt:
1934	// empty
1935	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1936	\| DEFAULT
1937	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1938	;
1939
1940	basic_declaration_specifier:
1941	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1942	basic_type_specifier
1943	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1944	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1945	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1946	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1947	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1948	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1949	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1950	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1951	;
1952
1953	basic_type_specifier:
1954	direct_type
1955	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
1956	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1957	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1958	;
1959
1960	direct_type:
1961	basic_type_name
1962	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1963	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1964	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1965	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1966	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1967	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1968	;
1969
1970	indirect_type:
1971	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
1972	{ $$ = $3; }
1973	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
1974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1975	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
1976	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
1977	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
1978	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
1979	\| ZERO_T // CFA
1980	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1981	\| ONE_T // CFA
1982	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1983	;
1984
1985	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1986	sue_type_specifier
1987	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1988	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1989	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1990	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1991	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1992	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1993	;
1994
1995	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1996	elaborated_type
1997	\| type_qualifier_list
1998	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1999	elaborated_type
2000	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2001	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2002	{
2003	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2004	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2005	}
2006	;
2007
2008	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2009	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2010	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2011	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2012	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2013	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2014	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2015	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2016	;
2017
2018	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2019	elaborated_type_nobody
2020	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2021	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2022	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2023	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2024	;
2025
2026	type_declaration_specifier:
2027	type_type_specifier
2028	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2029	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2030	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2031	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2032	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2033	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2034	;
2035
2036	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2037	type_name
2038	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2039	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2040	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2041	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2042	;
2043
2044	type_name:
2045	TYPEDEFname
2046	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2047	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2048	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2049	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2050	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2051	\| typegen_name
2052	\| '.' typegen_name
2053	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2054	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2055	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2056	;
2057
2058	typegen_name: // CFA
2059	TYPEGENname
2060	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2061	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2062	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2063	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2064	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2065	;
2066
2067	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2068	aggregate_type
2069	\| enum_type
2070	;
2071
2072	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2073	aggregate_type_nobody
2074	\| enum_type_nobody
2075	;
2076
2077	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2078	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2079	{ forall = false; } // reset
2080	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2081	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2082	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2083	{
2084	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2085	forall = false; // reset
2086	}
2087	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2088	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2089	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2090	{
2091	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2092	forall = false; // reset
2093	}
2094	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2095	{
2096	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2097	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2098	}
2099	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2100	{
2101	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2102	forall = false; // reset
2103	}
2104	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2105	{
2106	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2107	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2108	}
2109	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2110	;
2111
2112	type_parameters_opt:
2113	// empty
2114	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2115	\| '(' type_list ')'
2116	{ $$ = $2; }
2117	;
2118
2119	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2120	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2121	{
2122	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2123	forall = false; // reset
2124	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2125	}
2126	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2127	{
2128	forall = false; // reset
2129	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2130	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2131	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2132	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2133	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2134	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2135	delete $3;
2136	}
2137	;
2138
2139	aggregate_key:
2140	aggregate_data
2141	\| aggregate_control
2142	;
2143
2144	aggregate_data:
2145	STRUCT vtable_opt
2146	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2147	\| UNION
2148	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2149	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2150	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2151	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2152	;
2153
2154	aggregate_control: // CFA
2155	MONITOR
2156	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2157	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2158	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2159	\| GENERATOR
2160	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2161	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2162	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2163	\| COROUTINE
2164	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2165	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2166	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2167	\| THREAD
2168	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2169	\| MUTEX THREAD
2170	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2171	;
2172
2173	field_declaration_list_opt:
2174	// empty
2175	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2176	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2177	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2178	;
2179
2180	field_declaration:
2181	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2182	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 ); }
2183	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2184	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2185	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2186	{
2187	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2188	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2189	} // if
2190	$3->inLine = true;
2191	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2192	distInl( $3 );
2193	}
2194	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2195	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2196	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2197	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2198	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2199	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2200	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2201	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2202	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2203	\| static_assert // C11
2204	;
2205
2206	field_declaring_list_opt:
2207	// empty
2208	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2209	\| field_declarator
2210	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2211	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2212	;
2213
2214	field_declarator:
2215	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2216	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2217	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2218	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2219	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2220	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2221	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2222	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2223	;
2224
2225	field_abstract_list_opt:
2226	// empty
2227	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2228	\| field_abstract
2229	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2230	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2231	;
2232
2233	field_abstract:
2234	// no bit fields
2235	variable_abstract_declarator
2236	;
2237
2238	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2239	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2240	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2241	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2242	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2243	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2244	;
2245
2246	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2247	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2248	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2249	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2250	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2251	;
2252
2253	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2254	// empty
2255	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2256	\| bit_subrange_size
2257	;
2258
2259	bit_subrange_size:
2260	':' assignment_expression
2261	{ $$ = $2; }
2262	;
2263
2264	enum_type: // enum
2265	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2267	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2268	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2269	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2271	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2272	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2274	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2275	{
2276	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2277	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2278	}
2279	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2280	{
2281	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2282	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2283	}
2284	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2285	{
2286	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2287	}
2288	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2289	{
2290	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2291	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6->name );
2292	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2293	}
2294	\| enum_type_nobody
2295	;
2296
2297	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2298	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2299	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2300	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name // qualified type name
2301	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2302	;
2303
2304	enumerator_list:
2305	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
2307	\| INLINE type_name
2308	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ); }
2309	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2310	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
2311	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2312	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2313	;
2314
2315	enumerator_value_opt:
2316	// empty
2317	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2318	// \| '=' constant_expression
2319	// { $$ = $2; }
2320	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2321	{ $$ = $2->get_expression(); } // FIX ME: enum only deals with constant_expression
2322	;
2323
2324	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2325	// empty
2326	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2327	\| ELLIPSIS
2328	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2329	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2330	\| cfa_parameter_list
2331	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2332	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2333	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2334	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2335	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2336	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2337	;
2338
2339	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2340	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2341	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2342	cfa_parameter_declaration
2343	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2344	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2345	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2346	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2347	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2348	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2349	;
2350
2351	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2352	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2353	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2354	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2355	;
2356
2357	parameter_type_list_opt:
2358	// empty
2359	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2360	\| ELLIPSIS
2361	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2362	\| parameter_list
2363	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2364	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2365	;
2366
2367	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2368	abstract_parameter_declaration
2369	\| parameter_declaration
2370	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2371	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2372	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2373	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2374	;
2375
2376	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2377	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2378
2379	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2380	parameter_declaration
2381	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2382	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2383	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2384	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2385	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2386	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2387	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2388	\| cfa_function_specifier
2389	;
2390
2391	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2392	abstract_parameter_declaration
2393	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2394	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2395	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2396	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2397	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2398	\| cfa_abstract_function
2399	;
2400
2401	parameter_declaration:
2402	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2403	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2404	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2405	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2406	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2407	;
2408
2409	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2410	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2411	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2412	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2413	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2414	;
2415
2416	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2417	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2418	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2419
2420	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2421	identifier
2422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2423	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2424	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2425	;
2426
2427	identifier_or_type_name:
2428	identifier
2429	\| TYPEDEFname
2430	\| TYPEGENname
2431	;
2432
2433	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2434	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2435	\| type_specifier
2436	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2437	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2438	;
2439
2440	type: // typeof, assertion
2441	type_no_function
2442	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2443	;
2444
2445	initializer_opt:
2446	// empty
2447	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2448	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2449	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2450	;
2451
2452	initializer:
2453	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2454	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2455	;
2456
2457	initializer_list_opt:
2458	// empty
2459	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2460	\| initializer
2461	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2462	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2463	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer
2464	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2465	;
2466
2467	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2468	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2469	//
2470	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2471	//
2472	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2473	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2474	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2475	// shift/reduce conflicts
2476
2477	designation:
2478	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2479	\| identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2480	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2481	;
2482
2483	designator_list: // C99
2484	designator
2485	\| designator_list designator
2486	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2487	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2488	;
2489
2490	designator:
2491	'.' identifier // C99, field name
2492	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2493	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2494	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2495	{ $$ = $3; }
2496	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2497	{ $$ = $3; }
2498	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2499	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ) ) ); }
2500	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2501	{ $$ = $4; }
2502	;
2503
2504	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2505	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2506	//
2507	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2508	//
2509	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2510	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2511	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2512	//
2513	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2514	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2515	//
2516	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2517	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2518	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2519	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2520	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2521
2522	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2523	type_parameter
2524	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2525	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2526	;
2527
2528	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2529	// empty
2530	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2531	\| '=' type
2532	{ $$ = $2; }
2533	;
2534
2535	type_parameter: // CFA
2536	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2537	{
2538	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2539	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2540	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2541	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2542	}
2543	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2545	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2546	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2547	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2548	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2549	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2550	{
2551	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2552	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2553	}
2554	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2555	\| assertion_list
2556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2557	;
2558
2559	new_type_class: // CFA
2560	// empty
2561	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2562	\| '&'
2563	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2564	\| '*'
2565	{ $$ = TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2566	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2567	// { $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2568	\| ELLIPSIS
2569	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2570	;
2571
2572	type_class: // CFA
2573	OTYPE
2574	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2575	\| DTYPE
2576	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2577	\| FTYPE
2578	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2579	\| TTYPE
2580	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2581	;
2582
2583	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2584	// empty
2585	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2586	\| assertion_list
2587	;
2588
2589	assertion_list: // CFA
2590	assertion
2591	\| assertion_list assertion
2592	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
2593	;
2594
2595	assertion: // CFA
2596	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2597	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2598	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2599	{ $$ = $4; }
2600	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2601	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2602	;
2603
2604	type_list: // CFA
2605	type
2606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2607	\| assignment_expression
2608	\| type_list ',' type
2609	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
2610	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2611	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2612	;
2613
2614	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2615	OTYPE type_declarator
2616	{ $$ = $2; }
2617	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2618	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2619	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2620	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2621	;
2622
2623	type_declarator: // CFA
2624	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2625	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2626	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2627	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2628	;
2629
2630	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2631	identifier_or_type_name
2632	{
2633	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2634	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2635	}
2636	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2637	{
2638	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2639	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2640	}
2641	;
2642
2643	trait_specifier: // CFA
2644	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2646	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2647	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2648	;
2649
2650	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2651	trait_declaration
2652	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2653	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2654	;
2655
2656	trait_declaration: // CFA
2657	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2658	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2659	;
2660
2661	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2662	cfa_variable_specifier
2663	\| cfa_function_specifier
2664	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2665	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2666	;
2667
2668	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2669	type_specifier declarator
2670	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2671	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2672	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2673	;
2674
2675	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2676
2677	translation_unit:
2678	// empty, input file
2679	\| external_definition_list
2680	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2681	;
2682
2683	external_definition_list:
2684	push external_definition pop
2685	{ $$ = $2; }
2686	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2687	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2688	;
2689
2690	external_definition_list_opt:
2691	// empty
2692	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2693	\| external_definition_list
2694	;
2695
2696	up:
2697	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2698	;
2699
2700	down:
2701	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2702	;
2703
2704	external_definition:
2705	DIRECTIVE
2706	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ) ); }
2707	\| declaration
2708	\| external_function_definition
2709	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2710	{
2711	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2712	$$ = $2;
2713	}
2714	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2715	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) ); }
2716	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2717	{
2718	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2719	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2720	}
2721	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2722	{
2723	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2724	linkageStack.pop();
2725	$$ = $6;
2726	}
2727	\| type_qualifier_list
2728	{
2729	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2730	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2731	}
2732	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2733	{
2734	distQual( $5, $1 );
2735	forall = false;
2736	$$ = $5;
2737	}
2738	\| declaration_qualifier_list
2739	{
2740	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2741	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2742	}
2743	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2744	{
2745	distQual( $5, $1 );
2746	forall = false;
2747	$$ = $5;
2748	}
2749	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
2750	{
2751	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2752	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2753	}
2754	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2755	{
2756	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
2757	forall = false;
2758	$$ = $6;
2759	}
2760	;
2761
2762	external_function_definition:
2763	function_definition
2764	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2765	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2766	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2767	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2768	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2769	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2770	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
2771	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
2772	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
2773	;
2774
2775	with_clause_opt:
2776	// empty
2777	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
2778	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2779	{ $$ = $3; forall = false; }
2780	;
2781
2782	function_definition:
2783	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2784	{
2785	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
2786	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
2787	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
2788	$$ = $1;
2789	}
2790	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2791	{
2792	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2793	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2794	}
2795	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2796	{
2797	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2798	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2799	}
2800	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2801	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2802	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2803	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2804	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2805	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2806	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2807	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2808	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2809
2810	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2811	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2812	{
2813	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2814	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
2815	}
2816	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2817	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2818	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2819	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2820	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2821	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2822	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2823	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2824	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2825	;
2826
2827	declarator:
2828	variable_declarator
2829	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2830	\| function_declarator
2831	;
2832
2833	subrange:
2834	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2835	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
2836	;
2837
2838	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2839	// empty
2840	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2841	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2842	{
2843	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2844	name->asmName = $3;
2845	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2846	}
2847	;
2848
2849	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2850	// empty
2851	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2852	\| attribute_list
2853	;
2854
2855	attribute_list: // GCC
2856	attribute
2857	\| attribute_list attribute
2858	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2859	;
2860
2861	attribute: // GCC
2862	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2863	{ $$ = $4; }
2864	;
2865
2866	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2867	attribute_name
2868	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2869	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2870	;
2871
2872	attribute_name: // GCC
2873	// empty
2874	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2875	\| attr_name
2876	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2877	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
2878	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2879	;
2880
2881	attr_name: // GCC
2882	IDENTIFIER
2883	\| quasi_keyword
2884	\| TYPEDEFname
2885	\| TYPEGENname
2886	\| FALLTHROUGH
2887	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2888	\| CONST
2889	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2890	;
2891
2892	// ============================================================================
2893	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2894	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2895	// in:
2896	//
2897	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2898	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2899	//
2900	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2901	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2902	// ============================================================================
2903
2904	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2905	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2906	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2907	//
2908	// valid declaration invalid definition
2909	// ----------------- ------------------
2910	// int f; int f {}
2911	// int f; int f {}
2912	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2913	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2914	//
2915	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2916	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2917	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2918
2919	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2920	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2921
2922	paren_identifier:
2923	identifier
2924	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2925	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2926	{ $$ = $2; }
2927	;
2928
2929	variable_declarator:
2930	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2931	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2932	\| variable_ptr
2933	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2934	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2935	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2936	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2937	;
2938
2939	variable_ptr:
2940	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2941	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2942	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2943	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2944	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2945	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2946	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2947	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2948	;
2949
2950	variable_array:
2951	paren_identifier array_dimension
2952	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2953	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2954	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2955	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2956	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2957	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2958	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2959	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2960	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2961	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2962	{ $$ = $2; }
2963	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2964	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2965	;
2966
2967	variable_function:
2968	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2969	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2970	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2971	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2972	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2973	{ $$ = $2; }
2974	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2975	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2976	;
2977
2978	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2979	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2980	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2981
2982	function_declarator:
2983	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2984	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2985	\| function_ptr
2986	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2987	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2988	;
2989
2990	function_no_ptr:
2991	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2992	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2993	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2994	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2995	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2996	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2997	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2998	{ $$ = $2; }
2999	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3000	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3001	;
3002
3003	function_ptr:
3004	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3005	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3006	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3007	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3008	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3009	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3010	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3011	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3012	;
3013
3014	function_array:
3015	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3016	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3017	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3018	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3019	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3020	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3021	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3022	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3023	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3024	{ $$ = $2; }
3025	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3026	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3027	;
3028
3029	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3030	//
3031	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3032	//
3033	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3034	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3035
3036	KR_function_declarator:
3037	KR_function_no_ptr
3038	\| KR_function_ptr
3039	\| KR_function_array
3040	;
3041
3042	KR_function_no_ptr:
3043	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3044	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3045	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3046	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3047	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3048	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3049	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3050	{ $$ = $2; }
3051	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3052	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3053	;
3054
3055	KR_function_ptr:
3056	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3057	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3058	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3059	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3060	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3061	{ $$ = $2; }
3062	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3063	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3064	;
3065
3066	KR_function_array:
3067	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3068	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3069	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3070	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3071	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3072	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3073	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3074	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3075	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3076	{ $$ = $2; }
3077	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3078	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3079	;
3080
3081	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3082	//
3083	// typedef int foo;
3084	// {
3085	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3086	// }
3087	//
3088	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3089	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3090
3091	paren_type:
3092	typedef_name
3093	{
3094	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3095	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3096	}
3097	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3098	{ $$ = $2; }
3099	;
3100
3101	variable_type_redeclarator:
3102	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3103	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3104	\| type_ptr
3105	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
3106	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3107	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
3108	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3109	;
3110
3111	type_ptr:
3112	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3113	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3114	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3115	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3116	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3117	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3118	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3119	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3120	;
3121
3122	type_array:
3123	paren_type array_dimension
3124	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3125	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3126	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3127	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3128	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3129	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3130	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3131	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3132	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3133	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3134	{ $$ = $2; }
3135	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3136	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3137	;
3138
3139	type_function:
3140	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3141	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3142	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3143	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3144	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3145	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3146	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3147	{ $$ = $2; }
3148	\| '(' attribute_list type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3149	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3150	;
3151
3152	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3153	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3154	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3155	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3156
3157	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3158	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3159	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3160	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3161	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3162	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3163	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3164	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3165	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3166	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3167	;
3168
3169	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3170	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3171	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3172	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3173	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3174	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3175	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3176	;
3177
3178	identifier_parameter_array:
3179	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3180	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3181	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3182	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3183	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3184	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3185	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3186	{ $$ = $2; }
3187	;
3188
3189	identifier_parameter_function:
3190	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3191	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3192	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3193	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3194	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3195	{ $$ = $2; }
3196	;
3197
3198	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3199	// e.g.:
3200	//
3201	// typedef int foo;
3202	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3203	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3204	//
3205	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3206
3207	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3208	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3209	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3210	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3211	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3212	\| type_parameter_ptr
3213	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3214	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3215	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3216	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3217	;
3218
3219	typedef_name:
3220	TYPEDEFname
3221	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3222	\| TYPEGENname
3223	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3224	;
3225
3226	type_parameter_ptr:
3227	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3228	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3229	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3230	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3231	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3232	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3233	;
3234
3235	type_parameter_array:
3236	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3237	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3238	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3239	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3240	;
3241
3242	type_parameter_function:
3243	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3244	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3245	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3246	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3247	;
3248
3249	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3250	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3251	//
3252	// sizeof( int );
3253	// sizeof( int * );
3254	// sizeof( int [10] );
3255	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3256	// sizeof( int () );
3257	//
3258	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3259	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3260
3261	abstract_declarator:
3262	abstract_ptr
3263	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3264	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3265	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3266	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3267	;
3268
3269	abstract_ptr:
3270	ptrref_operator
3271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3272	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3274	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3275	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3276	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3277	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3278	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3279	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3280	;
3281
3282	abstract_array:
3283	array_dimension
3284	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3285	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3286	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3287	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3288	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3289	{ $$ = $2; }
3290	;
3291
3292	abstract_function:
3293	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3294	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3295	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3296	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3297	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3298	{ $$ = $2; }
3299	;
3300
3301	array_dimension:
3302	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3303	'[' ']'
3304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3305	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3307	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']'
3308	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, 0, false ) ); }
3309	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3310	\| multi_array_dimension
3311	;
3312
3313	multi_array_dimension:
3314	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3316	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3318	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3319	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3320	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3321	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3322	;
3323
3324	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3325	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3326	//
3327	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3328	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3329	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3330	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3331	//
3332	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3333	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3334	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3335	//
3336	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3337	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3338	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3339	//
3340	// For example:
3341	//
3342	// typedef float T;
3343	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3344	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3345	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3346	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3347	//
3348	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3349	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3350	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3351	// functions.
3352
3353	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3354	abstract_parameter_ptr
3355	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3356	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3357	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3358	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3359	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3361	;
3362
3363	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3364	ptrref_operator
3365	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3366	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3367	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3368	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3369	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3370	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3371	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3372	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3373	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3374	;
3375
3376	abstract_parameter_array:
3377	array_parameter_dimension
3378	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3379	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3380	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3381	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3382	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3383	{ $$ = $2; }
3384	;
3385
3386	abstract_parameter_function:
3387	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3388	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3389	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3390	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3391	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3392	{ $$ = $2; }
3393	;
3394
3395	array_parameter_dimension:
3396	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3397	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3398	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3399	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3400	\| multi_array_dimension
3401	;
3402
3403	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3404	//
3405	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3406	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3407
3408	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3409	'[' ']'
3410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3411	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3412	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3414	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3415	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3416	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3417	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3419	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3421	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3423	;
3424
3425	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3426	//
3427	// struct S {
3428	// int;
3429	// int *;
3430	// int [10];
3431	// int (*)();
3432	// };
3433
3434	variable_abstract_declarator:
3435	variable_abstract_ptr
3436	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3437	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3438	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3439	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3440	;
3441
3442	variable_abstract_ptr:
3443	ptrref_operator
3444	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3445	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3446	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3447	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3448	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3449	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3450	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3451	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3452	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3453	;
3454
3455	variable_abstract_array:
3456	array_dimension
3457	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3458	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3459	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3460	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3461	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3462	{ $$ = $2; }
3463	;
3464
3465	variable_abstract_function:
3466	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3467	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3468	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3469	{ $$ = $2; }
3470	;
3471
3472	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3473	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3474
3475	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3476	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3477	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3478	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3479	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3480	;
3481
3482	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3483	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3484	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3485	;
3486
3487	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3488	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3489	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3490	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3491	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3492	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3493	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3494	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3495	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3496	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3497	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3498	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3499	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3500	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3501	;
3502
3503	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3504	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3505	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3506	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3507	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3508	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3509	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3510	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3511	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3512	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3513	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3514	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3515	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3516
3517	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3518	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3519	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3520	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3521	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3522	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3523	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3524	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3525	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3526	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3527	;
3528
3529	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3530	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3531	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3532	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3533	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3534	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3535	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3536	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3537	// appear in this context.
3538	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3539	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3541	;
3542
3543	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3544	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3545	//
3546	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3547	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3548	//
3549	// These rules need LR(3):
3550	//
3551	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3552	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3553	//
3554	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3555	//
3556	// [int, int] t;
3557	// [int, int] f( int );
3558	//
3559	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3560	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3561	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3562	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3563
3564	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3565	cfa_abstract_tuple
3566	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3567	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3568	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3569	;
3570
3571	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3572	cfa_abstract_ptr
3573	\| cfa_abstract_array
3574	;
3575
3576	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3577	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3578	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3579	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3580	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3581	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3582	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3583	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3584	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3585	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3586	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3587	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3588	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3589	;
3590
3591	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3592	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3593	// empty (void) function return type.
3594	'[' ']' type_specifier
3595	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3596	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3597	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3598	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3599	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3600	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3601	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3602	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3603	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3604	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3605	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3606	;
3607
3608	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3609	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3610	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3611	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3612	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3613	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3614	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3615	;
3616
3617	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3618	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3619	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3620	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3622	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3623	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3624	;
3625
3626	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3627	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3628	//
3629	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3630	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3631	//
3632	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3633	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3634	//
3635	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3636	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3637
3638	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3639
3640	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3641	// empty
3642	\| ','
3643	;
3644
3645	default_initializer_opt:
3646	// empty
3647	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3648	\| '=' assignment_expression
3649	{ $$ = $2; }
3650	;
3651
3652	%%
3653
3654	// ----end of grammar----
3655
3656	// Local Variables: //
3657	// mode: c++ //
3658	// tab-width: 4 //
3659	// compile-command: "make install" //
3660	// End: //

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