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parser.yy @ 27caf8d

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Last change on this file since 27caf8d was fdca7c6, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 7 years ago
mark aggregate as generic before parsing aggregate body so generic-type name available in body
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 111.2 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Thu May 18 18:06:17 2017
13	// Update Count : 2338
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68
69	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
70	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
71	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
72	//cur->addType( specifier );
73	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
74	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
75	} // for
76	declList->addType( cl );
77	// delete cl;
78	return declList;
79	} // distAttr
80
81	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
82	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
83	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
84	iter->set_extension( true );
85	} // for
86	} // distExt
87
88	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
89	%}
90
91	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
92
93	// keywords
94	%token TYPEDEF
95	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
96	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
97	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
98	%token NORETURN // C11
99	%token CONST VOLATILE
100	%token RESTRICT // C99
101	%token ATOMIC // C11
102	%token FORALL LVALUE MUTEX // CFA
103	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED ZERO_T ONE_T
104	%token VALIST // GCC
105	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
106	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
107	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
108	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
109	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
110	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
111	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
112	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
113	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
114	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
115	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
116
117	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
118	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
119	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
120	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
121	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
122	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
123	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
124	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
125	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
126
127	// multi-character operators
128	%token ARROW // ->
129	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
130	%token LS RS // << >>
131	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
132	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
133	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
134
135	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
136	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
137	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
138	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
139
140	%token ATassign // @=
141
142	// Types declaration
143	%union
144	{
145	Token tok;
146	ParseNode * pn;
147	ExpressionNode * en;
148	DeclarationNode * decl;
149	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
150	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
151	StatementNode * sn;
152	ConstantExpr * constant;
153	ForCtl * fctl;
154	LabelNode * label;
155	InitializerNode * in;
156	OperKinds op;
157	std::string * str;
158	bool flag;
159	}
160
161	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
162	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
163	%type<constant> string_literal
164	%type<str> string_literal_list
165
166	// expressions
167	%type<en> constant
168	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
169	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
170	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
171	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
172	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
173	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
174	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
175	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
176	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
177	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
178	%type<en> subrange
179	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
180	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
181	%type<label> label_list
182	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
183	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
184
185	// statements
186	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
187	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
188	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
189	%type<sn> statement statement_list
190	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
191	%type<sn> case_clause
192	%type<en> case_value
193	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
194	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
195	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
196
197	// declarations
198	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
199	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
200	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
201
202	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
203	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
204
205	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
206
207	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
208
209	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
210
211	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
212
213	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
214	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
215
216	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
217
218	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
219	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
220
221	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
222
223	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
224	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
225
226	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
227
228	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
229	%type<decl> identifier_list
230
231	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
232	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
233	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
234
235	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
236
237	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
238	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
239
240	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
241	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
242
243	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
244
245	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
246
247	%type<decl> c_declaration
248	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
249	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
250
251	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
252	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
253
254	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
255
256	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
257
258	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
259
260	%type<tclass> type_class
261	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
262
263	%type<decl> typedef typedef_type_specifier typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
264
265	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
266
267	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
268	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
269
270	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
271	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
272
273	%type<en> type_name_list
274
275	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
276	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
277
278	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
279	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
280
281	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
282
283	// initializers
284	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
285
286	// designators
287	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
288
289
290	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
291	// is ambiguous:
292	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
293	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
294	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
295
296	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
297	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
298
299	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
300
301	%%
302	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
303
304	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
305	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
306	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
307	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
308	//
309	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
310	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
311	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
312	//
313	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
314	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
315	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
316	//
317	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
318	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
319	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
320	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
321	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
322	//
323	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
324	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
325	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
326	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
327	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
328	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
329	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
330
331	push:
332	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
333	;
334
335	pop:
336	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
337	;
338
339	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
340
341	constant:
342	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
343	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
344	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
345	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
346	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
347	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
348	;
349
350	identifier:
351	IDENTIFIER
352	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
353	\| zero_one // CFA
354	;
355
356	no_01_identifier:
357	IDENTIFIER
358	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
359	;
360
361	no_attr_identifier:
362	IDENTIFIER
363	\| zero_one // CFA
364	;
365
366	zero_one: // CFA
367	ZERO
368	\| ONE
369	;
370
371	string_literal:
372	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
373	;
374
375	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
376	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
377	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
378	{
379	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
380	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
381	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
382	}
383	;
384
385	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
386
387	primary_expression:
388	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
389	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
390	\| zero_one
391	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ) ); }
392	\| tuple
393	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
394	{ $$ = $2; }
395	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
396	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
397	\| primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
398	{
399	Token fn;
400	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
401	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
402	}
403	;
404
405	postfix_expression:
406	primary_expression
407	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
408	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
409	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
410	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
411	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
412	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
413	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
414	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
415	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
416	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
417	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
418	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
419	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
420	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
421	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
422	{
423	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
424	}
425	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
426	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
427	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
428	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
429	\| postfix_expression ICR
430	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
431	\| postfix_expression DECR
432	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
433	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
434	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
435	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
436	{
437	Token fn;
438	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
439	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
440	}
441	;
442
443	argument_expression_list:
444	argument_expression
445	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
446	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
447	;
448
449	argument_expression:
450	// empty
451	{ $$ = nullptr; }
452	// \| '@' // use default argument
453	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
454	\| assignment_expression
455	;
456
457	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
458	field
459	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
460	;
461
462	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
463	field_name
464	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
465	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
466	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
467	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
468	\| field_name '.' field
469	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
470	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
471	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
472	\| field_name ARROW field
473	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
474	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
475	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
476	;
477
478	field_name:
479	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
480	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
481	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
482	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
483	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
484	{
485	if( ($1) == "0" \|\| ($1) == "1" ) {
486	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ), $2 ) );
487	} else {
488	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
489	}
490	}
491	;
492
493	fraction_constants:
494	// empty
495	{ $$ = nullptr; }
496	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
497	{
498	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
499	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
500	}
501	;
502
503	unary_expression:
504	postfix_expression
505	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
506	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
507	\| constant
508	{ $$ = $1; }
509	\| string_literal
510	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
511	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
512	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
513	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
514	// { * X; } // dereference X
515	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
516	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
517	{
518	switch ( $1 ) {
519	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
520	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
521	break;
522	case OperKinds::PointTo:
523	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
524	break;
525	default:
526	assert( false );
527	}
528	}
529	\| unary_operator cast_expression
530	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
531	\| ICR unary_expression
532	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
533	\| DECR unary_expression
534	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
535	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
536	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
537	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
538	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
539	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
540	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
541	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
542	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
543	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
544	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
545	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
546	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
547	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
548	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
549	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
550	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
551	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
552	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
553	;
554
555	ptrref_operator:
556	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
557	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
558	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
559	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
560	;
561
562	unary_operator:
563	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
564	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
565	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
566	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
567	;
568
569	cast_expression:
570	unary_expression
571	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
573	// \| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
574	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
575	;
576
577	multiplicative_expression:
578	cast_expression
579	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
580	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
581	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
585	;
586
587	additive_expression:
588	multiplicative_expression
589	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
590	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
591	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
593	;
594
595	shift_expression:
596	additive_expression
597	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
598	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
599	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	;
602
603	relational_expression:
604	shift_expression
605	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
607	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
608	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
609	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
610	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
611	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
613	;
614
615	equality_expression:
616	relational_expression
617	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
618	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
619	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
620	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
621	;
622
623	AND_expression:
624	equality_expression
625	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
626	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
627	;
628
629	exclusive_OR_expression:
630	AND_expression
631	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
632	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
633	;
634
635	inclusive_OR_expression:
636	exclusive_OR_expression
637	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
638	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
639	;
640
641	logical_AND_expression:
642	inclusive_OR_expression
643	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
644	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
645	;
646
647	logical_OR_expression:
648	logical_AND_expression
649	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
650	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
651	;
652
653	conditional_expression:
654	logical_OR_expression
655	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
657	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
658	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
659	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
660	// \| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
661	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
662	;
663
664	constant_expression:
665	conditional_expression
666	;
667
668	assignment_expression:
669	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
670	conditional_expression
671	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
673	// \| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
674	// { $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
675	;
676
677	assignment_expression_opt:
678	// empty
679	{ $$ = nullptr; }
680	\| assignment_expression
681	;
682
683	assignment_operator:
684	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
685	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
686	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
687	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
688	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
689	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
690	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
691	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
692	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
693	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
694	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
695	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
696	;
697
698	tuple: // CFA, tuple
699	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
700	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
701	// '[' ']'
702	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
703	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
704	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
705	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
706	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
707	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
708	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
709	;
710
711	tuple_expression_list:
712	assignment_expression_opt
713	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
714	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
715	;
716
717	comma_expression:
718	assignment_expression
719	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
720	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
721	;
722
723	comma_expression_opt:
724	// empty
725	{ $$ = nullptr; }
726	\| comma_expression
727	;
728
729	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
730
731	statement:
732	labeled_statement
733	\| compound_statement
734	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
735	\| selection_statement
736	\| iteration_statement
737	\| jump_statement
738	\| exception_statement
739	\| asm_statement
740
741	labeled_statement:
742	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
743	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
744	{
745	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
746	}
747	;
748
749	compound_statement:
750	'{' '}'
751	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
752	\| '{'
753	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
754	// requires its own scope.
755	push push
756	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
757	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
758	pop '}'
759	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
760	;
761
762	block_item_list: // C99
763	block_item
764	\| block_item_list push block_item
765	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
766	;
767
768	block_item:
769	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
770	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
771	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
772	{
773	distExt( $2 );
774	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
775	}
776	\| function_definition
777	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
778	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
779	{
780	distExt( $2 );
781	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
782	}
783	\| statement pop
784	;
785
786	statement_list:
787	statement
788	\| statement_list statement
789	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
790	;
791
792	expression_statement:
793	comma_expression_opt ';'
794	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
795	;
796
797	selection_statement:
798	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
799	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
800	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
801	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
802	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
803	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
804	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
805	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
806	{
807	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
808	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
809	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
810	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
811	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
812	// statement.
813	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
814	}
815	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
816	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
817	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
818	{
819	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
820	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
821	}
822	;
823
824	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
825	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
826
827	case_value: // CFA
828	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
829	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
831	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
832	;
833
834	case_value_list: // CFA
835	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
836	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
837	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
838	;
839
840	case_label: // CFA
841	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
842	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
843	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
844	;
845
846	case_label_list: // CFA
847	case_label
848	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
849	;
850
851	case_clause: // CFA
852	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
853	;
854
855	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
856	// empty
857	{ $$ = nullptr; }
858	\| switch_clause_list
859	;
860
861	switch_clause_list: // CFA
862	case_label_list statement_list
863	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
864	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
865	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
866	;
867
868	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
869	// empty
870	{ $$ = nullptr; }
871	\| choose_clause_list
872	;
873
874	choose_clause_list: // CFA
875	case_label_list fall_through
876	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
877	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
878	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
879	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
880	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
881	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
882	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
883	;
884
885	fall_through_opt: // CFA
886	// empty
887	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
888	\| fall_through
889	;
890
891	fall_through: // CFA
892	FALLTHRU
893	{ $$ = nullptr; }
894	\| FALLTHRU ';'
895	{ $$ = nullptr; }
896	;
897
898	iteration_statement:
899	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
900	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
901	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
902	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
903	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
904	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
905	;
906
907	for_control_expression:
908	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
909	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
910	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
911	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
912	;
913
914	jump_statement:
915	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
916	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
917	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
918	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
919	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
920	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
921	\| CONTINUE ';'
922	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
923	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
924	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
925	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
926	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
927	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
928	\| BREAK ';'
929	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
930	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
931	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
932	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
933	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
934	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
935	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
936	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
937	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
938	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
939	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
940	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
941	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
942	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
943	;
944
945	exception_statement:
946	TRY compound_statement handler_list
947	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
948	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
949	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
950	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
951	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
952	;
953
954	handler_list:
955	handler_clause
956	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
957	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
958	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
959	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
960	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
961	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
962	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
963	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
964	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
965	;
966
967	handler_clause:
968	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
969	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
970	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
971	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
972	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
973	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
974	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
975	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
976	;
977
978	finally_clause:
979	FINALLY compound_statement
980	{
981	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
982	}
983	;
984
985	exception_declaration:
986	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
987	type_specifier_nobody
988	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
989	{
990	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
991	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
992	}
993	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
994	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
995	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
996	{
997	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
998	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
999	}
1000	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1001	;
1002
1003	asm_statement:
1004	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1005	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1006	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1007	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1008	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1009	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1010	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1011	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1012	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1013	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1014	;
1015
1016	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1017	// empty
1018	{ $$ = false; }
1019	\| VOLATILE
1020	{ $$ = true; }
1021	;
1022
1023	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1024	// empty
1025	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1026	\| asm_operands_list
1027	;
1028
1029	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1030	asm_operand
1031	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1032	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1033	;
1034
1035	asm_operand: // GCC
1036	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1037	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1038	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1039	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1040	;
1041
1042	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1043	// empty
1044	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1045	\| string_literal
1046	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1047	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1048	// set_last return ParseNode *
1049	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1050	;
1051
1052	label_list:
1053	no_attr_identifier
1054	{
1055	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1056	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1057	}
1058	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1059	{
1060	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1061	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1062	}
1063	;
1064
1065	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1066
1067	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1068	pop
1069	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1070	\| declaration_list
1071	;
1072
1073	declaration_list:
1074	declaration
1075	\| declaration_list push declaration
1076	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1077	;
1078
1079	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1080	pop
1081	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1082	\| KR_declaration_list
1083	;
1084
1085	KR_declaration_list:
1086	c_declaration
1087	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration
1088	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1089	;
1090
1091	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1092	// empty
1093	\| local_label_declaration_list
1094	;
1095
1096	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1097	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1098	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1099	;
1100
1101	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1102	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1103	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1104	;
1105
1106	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1107	cfa_declaration
1108	\| c_declaration
1109	;
1110
1111	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1112	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1113	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1114	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1115	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1116	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1117	//
1118	// CFA C
1119	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1120	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1121
1122	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1123	cfa_variable_declaration pop ';'
1124	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1125	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ';'
1126	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1127	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1128	;
1129
1130	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1131	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1132	{
1133	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1134	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1135	}
1136	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1137	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1138	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1139	{
1140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1141	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1142	}
1143	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1144	{
1145	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1146	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1147	}
1148	;
1149
1150	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1151	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1152	// storage-class
1153	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1154	{
1155	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1156	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1157	}
1158	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1159	{
1160	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1161	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1162	}
1163	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1164	{
1165	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1166	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1167	}
1168	;
1169
1170	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1171	cfa_function_specifier
1172	{
1173	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1174	$$ = $1;
1175	}
1176	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1177	{
1178	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1179	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1180	}
1181	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1182	{
1183	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1184	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1185	}
1186	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1187	{
1188	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1189	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1190	}
1191	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1192	{
1193	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1194	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1195	}
1196	;
1197
1198	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1199	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1200	// {
1201	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1202	// }
1203	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1204	// {
1205	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1206	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1207	// }
1208	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1209	// {
1210	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1211	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1212	// }
1213	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1214	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1215	//
1216	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1217	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1218	//
1219	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1220	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1221	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1222	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1223	{
1224	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1225	}
1226	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1227	{
1228	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1229	}
1230	;
1231
1232	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1233	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1234	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1235	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1236	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1237	// ']'.
1238	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1239	;
1240
1241	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1242	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1243	{
1244	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1245	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1246	}
1247	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1248	{
1249	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1250	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1251	}
1252	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1253	{
1254	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1255	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1256	}
1257	;
1258
1259	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1260	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1261
1262	typedef_declaration:
1263	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1264	{
1265	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1266	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1267	}
1268	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1269	{
1270	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1271	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1272	}
1273	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1274	{
1275	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1276	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1277	}
1278	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1279	{
1280	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1281	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1282	}
1283	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1284	{
1285	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1286	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1287	}
1288	;
1289
1290	typedef_expression:
1291	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1292	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1293	{
1294	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1295	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1296	}
1297	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1298	{
1299	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1300	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1301	}
1302	;
1303
1304	//c_declaration:
1305	// declaring_list pop ';'
1306	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1307	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1308	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1309	// ;
1310	//
1311	//declaring_list:
1312	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1313	// // storage-class
1314	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1315	// {
1316	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1317	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1318	// }
1319	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1320	// {
1321	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1322	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1323	// }
1324	// ;
1325
1326	c_declaration:
1327	declaration_specifier declaring_list pop ';'
1328	{
1329	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1330	}
1331	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1332	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1333	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1334	;
1335
1336	declaring_list:
1337	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1338	// storage-class
1339	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1340	{
1341	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1342	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1343	}
1344	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1345	{
1346	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1347	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1348	}
1349	;
1350
1351	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1352	basic_declaration_specifier
1353	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1354	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1355	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1356	;
1357
1358	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1359	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1360	//
1361	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1362	//
1363	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1364	basic_declaration_specifier
1365	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1366	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1367	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1368	;
1369
1370	type_specifier: // type specifier
1371	basic_type_specifier
1372	\| sue_type_specifier
1373	\| typedef_type_specifier
1374	\| typegen_type_specifier
1375	;
1376
1377	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1378	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1379	//
1380	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1381	//
1382	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1383	basic_type_specifier
1384	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1385	\| typedef_type_specifier
1386	\| typegen_type_specifier
1387	;
1388
1389	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1390	// empty
1391	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1392	\| type_qualifier_list
1393	;
1394
1395	type_qualifier_list:
1396	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1397	//
1398	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1399	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1400	// appeared only once.
1401	type_qualifier
1402	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1403	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1404	;
1405
1406	type_qualifier:
1407	type_qualifier_name
1408	\| attribute
1409	;
1410
1411	type_qualifier_name:
1412	CONST
1413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1414	\| RESTRICT
1415	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1416	\| VOLATILE
1417	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1418	\| LVALUE // CFA
1419	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Lvalue ); }
1420	\| MUTEX
1421	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1422	\| ATOMIC
1423	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1424	\| FORALL '('
1425	{
1426	typedefTable.enterScope();
1427	}
1428	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1429	{
1430	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1431	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1432	}
1433	;
1434
1435	declaration_qualifier_list:
1436	storage_class_list
1437	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1438	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1439	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1440	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1441	;
1442
1443	storage_class_list:
1444	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1445	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1446	//
1447	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1448	// specifiers in a declaration.
1449	storage_class
1450	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1451	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1452	;
1453
1454	storage_class:
1455	EXTERN
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1457	\| STATIC
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1459	\| AUTO
1460	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1461	\| REGISTER
1462	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1463	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1464	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1465	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1466	\| INLINE // C99
1467	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1468	\| FORTRAN // C99
1469	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1470	\| NORETURN // C11
1471	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1472	;
1473
1474	basic_type_name:
1475	CHAR
1476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1477	\| DOUBLE
1478	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1479	\| FLOAT
1480	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1481	\| INT
1482	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1483	\| LONG
1484	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1485	\| SHORT
1486	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1487	\| SIGNED
1488	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1489	\| UNSIGNED
1490	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1491	\| VOID
1492	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1493	\| BOOL // C99
1494	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1495	\| COMPLEX // C99
1496	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1497	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1498	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1499	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1500	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1501	\| ZERO_T
1502	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1503	\| ONE_T
1504	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1505	;
1506
1507	basic_declaration_specifier:
1508	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1509	basic_type_specifier
1510	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1511	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1512	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1513	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1514	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1515	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1516	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1517	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1518	;
1519
1520	basic_type_specifier:
1521	direct_type_name
1522	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1523	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1524	;
1525
1526	direct_type_name:
1527	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1528	basic_type_name
1529	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1530	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1531	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1532	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1533	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1534	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1535	;
1536
1537	indirect_type_name:
1538	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1539	{ $$ = $3; }
1540	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1541	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1542	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1543	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1544	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1545	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1546	;
1547
1548	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1549	sue_type_specifier
1550	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1551	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1552	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1553	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1554	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1555	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1556	;
1557
1558	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1559	elaborated_type
1560	\| type_qualifier_list
1561	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1562	elaborated_type
1563	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1564	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1565	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1566	;
1567
1568	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1569	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1570	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1571	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1572	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1573	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1574	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1575	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1576	;
1577
1578	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1579	elaborated_type_nobody
1580	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1581	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1582	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1583	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1584	;
1585
1586	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1587	typedef_type_specifier
1588	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1589	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1590	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1591	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1592	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1593	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1594	;
1595
1596	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1597	TYPEDEFname
1598	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1599	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1600	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1601	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1602	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1603	;
1604
1605	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1606	aggregate_type
1607	\| enum_type
1608	;
1609
1610	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1611	aggregate_type_nobody
1612	\| enum_type_nobody
1613	;
1614
1615	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1616	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1618	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1619	{
1620	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1621	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1622	forall = false; // reset
1623	}
1624	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1625	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1626	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1627	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1628	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1629	;
1630
1631	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1632	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1633	{
1634	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1635	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1636	}
1637	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1638	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1639	;
1640
1641	aggregate_key:
1642	STRUCT
1643	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1644	\| UNION
1645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1646	\| COROUTINE
1647	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1648	\| MONITOR
1649	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1650	\| THREAD
1651	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1652	;
1653
1654	field_declaration_list:
1655	// empty
1656	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1657	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1658	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1659	;
1660
1661	field_declaration:
1662	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1663	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1664	{
1665	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1666	$$ = $2;
1667	}
1668	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1669	{
1670	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1671	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1672	{
1673	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1674	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1675	}
1676	;
1677
1678	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1679	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1680	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1681	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1682	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1683	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1684	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1685	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1686	;
1687
1688	field_declaring_list:
1689	field_declarator
1690	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1691	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1692	;
1693
1694	field_declarator:
1695	// empty
1696	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1697	// '@'
1698	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1699	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1700	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1701	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1702	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1703	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1704	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1705	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1706	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1707	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1708	;
1709
1710	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1711	// empty
1712	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1713	\| bit_subrange_size
1714	{ $$ = $1; }
1715	;
1716
1717	bit_subrange_size:
1718	':' constant_expression
1719	{ $$ = $2; }
1720	;
1721
1722	enum_type: // enum
1723	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1724	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1725	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1726	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1727	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1728	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1729	\| enum_type_nobody
1730	;
1731
1732	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1733	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1734	{
1735	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1736	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1737	}
1738	;
1739
1740	enumerator_list:
1741	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1742	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1743	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1744	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1745	;
1746
1747	enumerator_value_opt:
1748	// empty
1749	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1750	\| '=' constant_expression
1751	{ $$ = $2; }
1752	;
1753
1754	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1755
1756	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1757	// empty
1758	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1759	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1760	;
1761
1762	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1763	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1764	\| cfa_parameter_list
1765	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1766	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1767	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1768	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1769	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1770	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1771	;
1772
1773	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1774	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1775	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1776	cfa_parameter_declaration
1777	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1778	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1779	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1780	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1781	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1782	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1783	;
1784
1785	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1786	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1787	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1788	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1789	;
1790
1791	parameter_type_list_opt:
1792	// empty
1793	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1794	\| parameter_type_list
1795	;
1796
1797	parameter_type_list:
1798	parameter_list
1799	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1800	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1801	;
1802
1803	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1804	abstract_parameter_declaration
1805	\| parameter_declaration
1806	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1807	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1808	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1809	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1810	;
1811
1812	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1813	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1814
1815	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1816	parameter_declaration
1817	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1818	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1819	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1820	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1821	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1822	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1823	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1824	\| cfa_function_specifier
1825	;
1826
1827	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1828	abstract_parameter_declaration
1829	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1830	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1831	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1832	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1833	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1834	\| cfa_abstract_function
1835	;
1836
1837	parameter_declaration:
1838	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1839	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1840	{
1841	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1842	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1843	}
1844	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1845	{
1846	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1847	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1848	}
1849	;
1850
1851	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1852	declaration_specifier_nobody assignment_opt
1853	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1854	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1855	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1856	;
1857
1858	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1859	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1860	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1861
1862	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1863	no_attr_identifier
1864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1865	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1866	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1867	;
1868
1869	identifier_or_type_name:
1870	identifier
1871	\| TYPEDEFname
1872	\| TYPEGENname
1873	;
1874
1875	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1876	no_01_identifier
1877	\| TYPEDEFname
1878	\| TYPEGENname
1879	;
1880
1881	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1882	no_attr_identifier
1883	\| TYPEDEFname
1884	\| TYPEGENname
1885	;
1886
1887	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1888	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1889	\| type_specifier
1890	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1891	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1892	;
1893
1894	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1895	type_name_no_function
1896	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1897	;
1898
1899	initializer_opt:
1900	// empty
1901	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1902	\| '=' initializer
1903	{ $$ = $2; }
1904	\| ATassign initializer
1905	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1906	;
1907
1908	initializer:
1909	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1910	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1911	;
1912
1913	initializer_list:
1914	// empty
1915	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1916	\| initializer
1917	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1918	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1919	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1920	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1921	;
1922
1923	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1924	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1925	//
1926	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1927	//
1928	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1929	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1930	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1931	// shift/reduce conflicts
1932
1933	designation:
1934	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1935	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1936	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1937	;
1938
1939	designator_list: // C99
1940	designator
1941	\| designator_list designator
1942	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1943	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1944	;
1945
1946	designator:
1947	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1948	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1949	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1950	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1951	{ $$ = $3; }
1952	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1953	{ $$ = $3; }
1954	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1955	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1956	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1957	{ $$ = $4; }
1958	;
1959
1960	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1961	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1962	//
1963	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1964	//
1965	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1966	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1967	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1968	//
1969	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1970	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1971	//
1972	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1973	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1974	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1975	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1976	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1977
1978	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1979	typegen_type_specifier
1980	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1981	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1982	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1983	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1984	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1985	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1986	;
1987
1988	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1989	typegen_name
1990	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1991	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1992	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1993	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1994	;
1995
1996	typegen_name: // CFA
1997	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1998	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1999	;
2000
2001	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2002	type_parameter assignment_opt
2003	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
2004	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2005	;
2006
2007	type_parameter: // CFA
2008	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2009	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2010	assertion_list_opt
2011	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
2012	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2013	;
2014
2015	type_class: // CFA
2016	OTYPE
2017	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2018	\| DTYPE
2019	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2020	\| FTYPE
2021	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2022	\| TTYPE
2023	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2024	;
2025
2026	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2027	// empty
2028	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2029	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2030	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2031	;
2032
2033	assertion: // CFA
2034	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
2035	{
2036	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2037	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2038	}
2039	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2040	{ $$ = $4; }
2041	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
2042	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2043	;
2044
2045	type_name_list: // CFA
2046	type_name
2047	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2048	\| assignment_expression
2049	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
2050	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2051	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
2052	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2053	;
2054
2055	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2056	OTYPE type_declarator
2057	{ $$ = $2; }
2058	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2059	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2060	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2061	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2062	;
2063
2064	type_declarator: // CFA
2065	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2066	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2067	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
2068	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2069	;
2070
2071	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2072	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2073	{
2074	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2075	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2076	}
2077	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2078	{
2079	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2080	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2081	}
2082	;
2083
2084	trait_specifier: // CFA
2085	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2086	{
2087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2088	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2089	}
2090	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2091	{
2092	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2093	typedefTable.enterScope();
2094	}
2095	trait_declaration_list '}'
2096	{
2097	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2098	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2099	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2100	}
2101	;
2102
2103	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2104	trait_declaration
2105	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2106	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2107	;
2108
2109	trait_declaration: // CFA
2110	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2111	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2112	;
2113
2114	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2115	cfa_variable_specifier
2116	{
2117	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2118	$$ = $1;
2119	}
2120	\| cfa_function_specifier
2121	{
2122	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2123	$$ = $1;
2124	}
2125	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2126	{
2127	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2128	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2129	}
2130	;
2131
2132	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2133	type_specifier declarator
2134	{
2135	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2136	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2137	}
2138	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2139	{
2140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2141	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2142	}
2143	;
2144
2145	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2146
2147	translation_unit:
2148	// empty
2149	{} // empty input file
2150	\| external_definition_list
2151	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2152	;
2153
2154	external_definition_list:
2155	external_definition
2156	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2157	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2158	;
2159
2160	external_definition_list_opt:
2161	// empty
2162	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2163	\| external_definition_list
2164	;
2165
2166	external_definition:
2167	declaration
2168	\| external_function_definition
2169	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2170	{
2171	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2172	}
2173	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2174	{
2175	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2176	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2177	}
2178	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2179	{
2180	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2181	linkageStack.pop();
2182	$$ = $5;
2183	}
2184	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2185	{
2186	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2187	$$ = $2;
2188	}
2189	;
2190
2191	external_function_definition:
2192	function_definition
2193	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2194	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2195	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2196	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2197	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2198	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2199	{
2200	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2201	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2202	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2203	}
2204	\| KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2205	{
2206	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2207	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2208	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2209	}
2210	;
2211
2212	function_definition:
2213	cfa_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2214	{
2215	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2216	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2217	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2218	}
2219	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2220	{
2221	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2222	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2223	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2224	}
2225	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2226	{
2227	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2228	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2229	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2230	}
2231	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2232	{
2233	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2234	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2235	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2236	}
2237	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2238	{
2239	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2240	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2241	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2242	}
2243
2244	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2245	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2246	{
2247	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2248	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2249	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2250	}
2251	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2252	{
2253	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2254	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2255	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2256	}
2257
2258	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2259	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2260	{
2261	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2262	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2263	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2264	}
2265	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2266	{
2267	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2268	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2269	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2270	}
2271	;
2272
2273	declarator:
2274	variable_declarator
2275	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2276	\| function_declarator
2277	;
2278
2279	subrange:
2280	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2281	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2282	;
2283
2284	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2285	// empty
2286	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2287	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2288	{
2289	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2290	name->asmName = $3;
2291	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2292	}
2293	;
2294
2295	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2296	// empty
2297	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2298	\| attribute_list
2299	;
2300
2301	attribute_list: // GCC
2302	attribute
2303	\| attribute_list attribute
2304	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2305	;
2306
2307	attribute: // GCC
2308	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2309	{ $$ = $4; }
2310	;
2311
2312	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2313	attribute_name
2314	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2315	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2316	;
2317
2318	attribute_name: // GCC
2319	// empty
2320	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2321	\| attr_name
2322	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2323	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2324	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2325	;
2326
2327	attr_name: // GCC
2328	IDENTIFIER
2329	\| TYPEDEFname
2330	\| TYPEGENname
2331	\| CONST
2332	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ) }; }
2333	;
2334
2335	// ============================================================================
2336	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2337	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2338	// in:
2339	//
2340	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2341	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2342	//
2343	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2344	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2345	// ============================================================================
2346
2347	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2348	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2349	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2350	//
2351	// valid declaration invalid definition
2352	// ----------------- ------------------
2353	// int f; int f {}
2354	// int f; int f {}
2355	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2356	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2357	//
2358	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2359	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2360	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2361
2362	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2363	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2364
2365	variable_declarator:
2366	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2367	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2368	\| variable_ptr
2369	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2370	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2371	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2372	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2373	;
2374
2375	paren_identifier:
2376	identifier
2377	{
2378	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2379	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2380	}
2381	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2382	{ $$ = $2; }
2383	;
2384
2385	variable_ptr:
2386	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2387	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2388	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2389	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2390	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2391	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2392	;
2393
2394	variable_array:
2395	paren_identifier array_dimension
2396	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2397	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2398	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2399	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2400	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2401	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2402	{ $$ = $2; }
2403	;
2404
2405	variable_function:
2406	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2407	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2408	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2409	{ $$ = $2; }
2410	;
2411
2412	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2413	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2414	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2415
2416	function_declarator:
2417	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2418	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2419	\| function_ptr
2420	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2421	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2422	;
2423
2424	function_no_ptr:
2425	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2426	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2427	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2428	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2429	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2430	{ $$ = $2; }
2431	;
2432
2433	function_ptr:
2434	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2435	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2436	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2437	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2438	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2439	{ $$ = $2; }
2440	;
2441
2442	function_array:
2443	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2444	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2445	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2446	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2447	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2448	{ $$ = $2; }
2449	;
2450
2451	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2452	//
2453	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2454	//
2455	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2456	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2457
2458	KR_function_declarator:
2459	KR_function_no_ptr
2460	\| KR_function_ptr
2461	\| KR_function_array
2462	;
2463
2464	KR_function_no_ptr:
2465	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2466	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2467	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2468	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2469	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2470	{ $$ = $2; }
2471	;
2472
2473	KR_function_ptr:
2474	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2475	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2476	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2477	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2478	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2479	{ $$ = $2; }
2480	;
2481
2482	KR_function_array:
2483	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2484	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2485	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2486	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2487	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2488	{ $$ = $2; }
2489	;
2490
2491	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2492	//
2493	// typedef int foo;
2494	// {
2495	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2496	// }
2497	//
2498	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2499	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2500
2501	variable_type_redeclarator:
2502	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2503	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2504	\| type_ptr
2505	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2506	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2507	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2508	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2509	;
2510
2511	paren_type:
2512	typedef
2513	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2514	{ $$ = $2; }
2515	;
2516
2517	type_ptr:
2518	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2519	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2520	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2521	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2522	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2523	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2524	;
2525
2526	type_array:
2527	paren_type array_dimension
2528	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2529	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2530	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2531	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2532	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2533	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2534	{ $$ = $2; }
2535	;
2536
2537	type_function:
2538	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2539	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2540	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2541	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2542	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2543	{ $$ = $2; }
2544	;
2545
2546	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2547	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2548	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2549	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2550
2551	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2552	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2553	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2554	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2555	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2556	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2557	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2558	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2559	;
2560
2561	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2562	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2563	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2564	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2565	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2566	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2567	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2568	;
2569
2570	identifier_parameter_array:
2571	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2572	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2573	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2574	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2575	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2576	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2577	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2578	{ $$ = $2; }
2579	;
2580
2581	identifier_parameter_function:
2582	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2583	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2584	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2585	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2586	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2587	{ $$ = $2; }
2588	;
2589
2590	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2591	// e.g.:
2592	//
2593	// typedef int foo;
2594	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2595	//
2596	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2597
2598	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2599	typedef attribute_list_opt
2600	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2601	\| type_parameter_ptr
2602	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2603	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2604	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2605	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2606	;
2607
2608	typedef:
2609	TYPEDEFname
2610	{
2611	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2612	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2613	}
2614	\| TYPEGENname
2615	{
2616	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2617	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2618	}
2619	;
2620
2621	type_parameter_ptr:
2622	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2623	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2624	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2625	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2626	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2627	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2628	;
2629
2630	type_parameter_array:
2631	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2632	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2633	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2634	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2635	;
2636
2637	type_parameter_function:
2638	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2639	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2640	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2641	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2642	;
2643
2644	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2645	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2646	//
2647	// sizeof( int );
2648	// sizeof( int * );
2649	// sizeof( int [10] );
2650	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2651	// sizeof( int () );
2652	//
2653	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2654	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2655
2656	abstract_declarator:
2657	abstract_ptr
2658	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2659	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2660	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2661	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2662	;
2663
2664	abstract_ptr:
2665	ptrref_operator
2666	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2667	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2668	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2669	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2670	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2671	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2672	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2673	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2674	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2675	;
2676
2677	abstract_array:
2678	array_dimension
2679	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2680	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2681	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2682	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2683	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2684	{ $$ = $2; }
2685	;
2686
2687	abstract_function:
2688	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2689	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2690	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2691	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2692	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2693	{ $$ = $2; }
2694	;
2695
2696	array_dimension:
2697	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2698	'[' ']'
2699	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2700	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2701	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2702	\| multi_array_dimension
2703	;
2704
2705	multi_array_dimension:
2706	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2707	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2708	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2709	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2710	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2711	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2712	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2713	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2714	;
2715
2716	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2717	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2718	//
2719	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2720	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2721	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2722	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2723	//
2724	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2725	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2726	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2727	//
2728	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2729	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2730	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2731	//
2732	// For example:
2733	//
2734	// typedef float T;
2735	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2736	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2737	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2738	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2739	//
2740	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2741	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2742	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2743	// functions.
2744
2745	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2746	abstract_parameter_ptr
2747	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2748	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2749	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2750	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2751	;
2752
2753	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2754	ptrref_operator
2755	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ); }
2756	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2757	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2758	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2759	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ) ); }
2760	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2761	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2762	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2763	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2764	;
2765
2766	abstract_parameter_array:
2767	array_parameter_dimension
2768	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2769	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2770	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2771	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2772	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2773	{ $$ = $2; }
2774	;
2775
2776	abstract_parameter_function:
2777	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2778	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2779	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2780	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2781	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2782	{ $$ = $2; }
2783	;
2784
2785	array_parameter_dimension:
2786	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2787	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2788	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2789	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2790	\| multi_array_dimension
2791	;
2792
2793	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2794	//
2795	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2796	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2797
2798	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2799	'[' ']'
2800	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2801	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2802	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2803	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2804	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2806	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2807	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2808	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2809	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2810	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2811	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2813	;
2814
2815	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2816	//
2817	// struct S {
2818	// int;
2819	// int *;
2820	// int [10];
2821	// int (*)();
2822	// };
2823
2824	variable_abstract_declarator:
2825	variable_abstract_ptr
2826	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2827	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2828	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2829	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2830	;
2831
2832	variable_abstract_ptr:
2833	ptrref_operator
2834	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2835	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2836	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2837	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2838	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2839	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2840	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2841	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2842	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2843	;
2844
2845	variable_abstract_array:
2846	array_dimension
2847	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2848	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2849	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2850	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2851	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2852	{ $$ = $2; }
2853	;
2854
2855	variable_abstract_function:
2856	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2857	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2858	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2859	{ $$ = $2; }
2860	;
2861
2862	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2863	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2864
2865	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2866	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2867	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2868	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2869	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2870	;
2871
2872	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2873	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2874	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2875	;
2876
2877	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2878	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2879	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2880	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2881	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2882	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2883	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2884	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2885	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2886	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2887	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2888	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2889	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2890	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2891	;
2892
2893	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2894	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2895	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2896	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2897	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2898	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2899	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2900	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2901	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2902	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2903	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2904	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2905	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2906
2907	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2908	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2909	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2910	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2911	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2912	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2913	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2914	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2915	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2916	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2917	;
2918
2919	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2920	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2921	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2922	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2923	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2924	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2925	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2926	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2927	// appear in this context.
2928	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2929	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2930	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2931	;
2932
2933	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2934	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2935	//
2936	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2937	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2938	//
2939	// These rules need LR(3):
2940	//
2941	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2942	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2943	//
2944	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2945	//
2946	// [int, int] t;
2947	// [int, int] f( int );
2948	//
2949	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2950	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2951	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2952	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
2953
2954	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2955	cfa_abstract_tuple
2956	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2957	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2958	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2959	;
2960
2961	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2962	cfa_abstract_ptr
2963	\| cfa_abstract_array
2964	;
2965
2966	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2967	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2968	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2969	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2970	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2971	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2972	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2973	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2974	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2975	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2976	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2977	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2978	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2979	;
2980
2981	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
2982	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2983	// empty (void) function return type.
2984	'[' ']' type_specifier
2985	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2986	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2987	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2988	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2989	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2990	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
2991	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2992	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2993	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2994	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2995	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2996	;
2997
2998	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2999	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3001	;
3002
3003	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3004	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3005	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3006	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3007	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3008	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3009	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3010	;
3011
3012	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3013	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3014	//
3015	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3016	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3017	//
3018	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3019	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3020	//
3021	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3022	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3023
3024	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3025
3026	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3027	// empty
3028	\| ','
3029	;
3030
3031	assignment_opt:
3032	// empty
3033	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3034	\| '=' assignment_expression
3035	{ $$ = $2; }
3036	;
3037
3038	%%
3039	// ----end of grammar----
3040
3041	extern char *yytext;
3042
3043	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3044	cout << "Error ";
3045	if ( yyfilename ) {
3046	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3047	} // if
3048	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3049	}
3050
3051	// Local Variables: //
3052	// mode: c++ //
3053	// tab-width: 4 //
3054	// compile-command: "make install" //
3055	// End: //

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