source: libcfa/src/exception.c

//
// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2016 University of Waterloo
//
// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
//
// exception.c --
//
// Author           : Andrew Beach
// Created On       : Mon Jun 26 15:13:00 2017
// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
// Last Modified On : Wed Sep 25 17:23:49 2024
// Update Count     : 74
//

// Normally we would get this from the CFA prelude.
#include <stddef.h> // for size_t

#include <unwind.h> // for struct _Unwind_Exception {...};

#include "exception.h"

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <bits/debug.hfa>
#include "concurrency/invoke.h"
#include "stdhdr/assert.h"
#include "virtual.h"
#include <unistd.h>                                                                             // write

extern void __cabi_abort( const char fmt[], ... );

#pragma GCC visibility push(default)

#include "lsda.h"

/* The exception class for our exceptions. Because of the vendor component
 * its value would not be standard.
 * Vendor: UWPL
 * Language: CFA\0
 */
const _Unwind_Exception_Class __cfaehm_exception_class = 0x4c50575500414643;

// Base Exception type id:
struct __cfavir_type_info __cfatid_exception_t = {
        NULL,
};


// Get the current exception context.
// There can be a single global until multithreading occurs, then each stack
// needs its own. We get this from libcfathreads (no weak attribute).
__attribute__((weak)) struct exception_context_t * this_exception_context() {
        static struct exception_context_t shared_stack = {NULL, NULL};
        return &shared_stack;
}

struct __cfaehm_base_exception_t * __cfaehm_get_current_termination(void) {
        return this_exception_context()->current_exception;
}


// RESUMPTION ================================================================

static void reset_top_resume(struct __cfaehm_try_resume_node ** store) {
        this_exception_context()->top_resume = *store;
}

void __cfaehm_throw_resume(exception_t * except, void (*defaultHandler)(exception_t *)) {
        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();

        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Throwing resumption exception\n");

        {
                __attribute__((cleanup(reset_top_resume)))
                struct __cfaehm_try_resume_node * original_head = context->top_resume;
                struct __cfaehm_try_resume_node * current = context->top_resume;

                for ( ; current ; current = current->next) {
                        context->top_resume = current->next;
                        if (current->handler(except)) {
                                return;
                        }
                }
        } // End the search and return to the top of the stack.

        // No handler found, fall back to the default operation.
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Unhandled exception\n");
        defaultHandler(except);
}

// Do we control where exceptions get thrown even with concurency?
// If not these are not quite thread safe, the cleanup hook has to
// be added after the node is built but before it is made the top node.

void __cfaehm_try_resume_setup(struct __cfaehm_try_resume_node * node,
                        _Bool (*handler)(exception_t * except)) {
        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();
        node->next = context->top_resume;
        node->handler = handler;
        context->top_resume = node;
}

void __cfaehm_try_resume_cleanup(struct __cfaehm_try_resume_node * node) {
        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();
        context->top_resume = node->next;
}


// MEMORY MANAGEMENT =========================================================

#define NODE_TO_EXCEPT(node) ((exception_t *)(1 + (node)))
#define EXCEPT_TO_NODE(except) ((struct __cfaehm_node *)(except) - 1)
#define UNWIND_TO_NODE(unwind) ((struct __cfaehm_node *)(unwind))
#define NULL_MAP(map, ptr) ((ptr) ? (map(ptr)) : NULL)

// How to clean up an exception in various situations.
static void __cfaehm_exception_cleanup(
                _Unwind_Reason_Code reason,
                struct _Unwind_Exception * exception) {
        switch (reason) {
        case _URC_FOREIGN_EXCEPTION_CAUGHT:
                // This one we could clean-up to allow cross-language exceptions.
        case _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR:
        case _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR:
        default:
                write( 2, "abort1\n", 7 );
                abort();
        }
}

// Creates a copy of the indicated exception and sets current_exception to it.
void __cfaehm_allocate_exception( exception_t * except ) {
        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();

        // Allocate memory for the exception.
        struct __cfaehm_node * store = malloc(
                sizeof( struct __cfaehm_node ) + except->virtual_table->size );

        if ( ! store ) {
                // Failure: cannot allocate exception. Terminate thread.
                write( 2, "abort2\n", 7 );
                abort(); // <- Although I think it might be the process.
        }

        // Initialize the node:
        exception_t * except_store = NODE_TO_EXCEPT(store);
        store->unwind_exception.exception_class = __cfaehm_exception_class;
        store->unwind_exception.exception_cleanup = __cfaehm_exception_cleanup;
        store->handler_index = 0;
        except->virtual_table->copy( except_store, except );

        // Add the node to the list:
        store->next = NULL_MAP(EXCEPT_TO_NODE, context->current_exception);
        context->current_exception = except_store;
}

// Delete the provided exception, unsetting current_exception if relivant.
static void __cfaehm_delete_exception( exception_t * except ) {
        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();

        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Deleting Exception\n");

        // Remove the exception from the list.
        struct __cfaehm_node * to_free = EXCEPT_TO_NODE(except);
        struct __cfaehm_node * node;

        if ( context->current_exception == except ) {
                node = to_free->next;
                context->current_exception = NULL_MAP(NODE_TO_EXCEPT, node);
        } else {
                node = EXCEPT_TO_NODE(context->current_exception);
                // It may always be in the first or second position.
                while ( to_free != node->next ) {
                        node = node->next;
                }
                node->next = to_free->next;
        }

        // Free the old exception node.
        except->virtual_table->free( except );
        free( to_free );
}

// CANCELLATION ==============================================================

// Function needed by force unwind
// It basically says to unwind the whole stack and then exit when we reach the end of the stack
static _Unwind_Reason_Code _Stop_Fn(
                int version,
                _Unwind_Action actions,
                _Unwind_Exception_Class exception_class,
                struct _Unwind_Exception * unwind_exception,
                struct _Unwind_Context * unwind_context,
                void * stop_param) {
        // Verify actions follow the rules we expect.
        verify(actions & _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE);
        verify(actions & _UA_FORCE_UNWIND);
        verify(!(actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE));
        verify(!(actions & _UA_HANDLER_FRAME));

        if ( actions & _UA_END_OF_STACK ) {
                __cabi_abort(
                        "Propagation failed to find a matching handler.\n"
                        "Possible cause is a missing try block with appropriate catch clause for the specified or derived exception type.\n"
                        "Last exception name or message: %s.\n",
                        NODE_TO_EXCEPT( UNWIND_TO_NODE( unwind_exception ) )->
                                virtual_table->msg( NODE_TO_EXCEPT( UNWIND_TO_NODE( unwind_exception ) ) )
                );
        } else {
                return _URC_NO_REASON;
        }
}

__attribute__((weak)) _Unwind_Reason_Code
__cfaehm_cancellation_unwind( struct _Unwind_Exception * exception ) {
        return _Unwind_ForcedUnwind( exception, _Stop_Fn, (void*)0x22 );
}

// Cancel the current stack, prefroming approprate clean-up and messaging.
void __cfaehm_cancel_stack( exception_t * exception ) {
        __cfaehm_allocate_exception( exception );

        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();
        struct __cfaehm_node * node = EXCEPT_TO_NODE(context->current_exception);

        _Unwind_Reason_Code ret;
        ret = __cfaehm_cancellation_unwind( &node->unwind_exception );
        printf("UNWIND ERROR %d after force unwind\n", ret);
        write( 2, "abort3\n", 7 );
        abort();
}


// TERMINATION ===============================================================

// If this isn't a rethrow (*except==0), delete the provided exception.
void __cfaehm_cleanup_terminate( void * except ) {
        if ( *(void**)except ) __cfaehm_delete_exception( *(exception_t **)except );
}

static void __cfaehm_cleanup_default( exception_t ** except ) {
        __cfaehm_delete_exception( *except );
        *except = NULL;
}

// The exception that is being thrown must already be stored.
void __cfaehm_begin_unwind(void(*defaultHandler)(exception_t *)) {
        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();
        if ( NULL == context->current_exception ) {
                printf("UNWIND ERROR missing exception in begin unwind\n");
                write( 2, "abort4\n", 7 );
                abort();
        }
        struct _Unwind_Exception * storage =
                &EXCEPT_TO_NODE(context->current_exception)->unwind_exception;

        // Call stdlibc to raise the exception
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Begin unwinding (storage &p, context %p)\n", storage, context);
        _Unwind_Reason_Code ret = _Unwind_RaiseException( storage );

        // If we reach here it means something happened. For resumption to work we need to find a way
        // to return back to here. Most of them will probably boil down to setting a global flag and
        // making the phase 1 either stop or fail. Causing an error on purpose may help avoiding
        // unnecessary work but it might have some weird side effects. If we just pretend no handler
        // was found that would work but may be expensive for no reason since we will always search
        // the whole stack.

#if defined( __x86_64 ) || defined( __i386 )
        // We did not simply reach the end of the stack without finding a handler. This is an error.
        if ( ret != _URC_END_OF_STACK ) {
#else // defined( __ARM_ARCH )
        // The return code from _Unwind_RaiseException seems to be corrupt on ARM at end of stack.
        // This workaround tries to keep default exception handling working.
        if ( ret == _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR || ret == _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR ) {
#endif
                printf("UNWIND ERROR %d after raise exception\n", ret);
                write( 2, "abort5\n", 7 );
                abort();
        }

        // No handler found, go to the default operation.
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Uncaught exception %p\n", storage);

        __attribute__((cleanup(__cfaehm_cleanup_default)))
        exception_t * exception = context->current_exception;
        defaultHandler( exception );
}

void __cfaehm_throw_terminate( exception_t * val, void (*defaultHandler)(exception_t *) ) {
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Throwing termination exception\n");

        __cfaehm_allocate_exception( val );
        __cfaehm_begin_unwind( defaultHandler );
}

static __attribute__((noreturn)) void __cfaehm_rethrow_adapter( exception_t * except ) {
        // TODO: Print some error message.
        (void)except;
        write( 2, "abort6\n", 7 );
        abort();
}

void __cfaehm_rethrow_terminate(void) {
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Rethrowing termination exception\n");

        __cfaehm_begin_unwind( __cfaehm_rethrow_adapter );
        write( 2, "abort7\n", 7 );
        abort();
}

#if defined( __x86_64 ) || defined( __i386 ) || defined( __ARM_ARCH )
// This is our personality routine. For every stack frame annotated with
// ".cfi_personality 0x3,__gcfa_personality_v0" this function will be called twice when unwinding.
//  Once in the search phase and once in the cleanup phase.
_Unwind_Reason_Code __gcfa_personality_v0(
                int version,
                _Unwind_Action actions,
                unsigned long long exception_class,
                struct _Unwind_Exception * unwind_exception,
                struct _Unwind_Context * unwind_context)
{
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "CFA: 0x%p\n", (void*)_Unwind_GetCFA(unwind_context));
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "Personality function (%d, %x, %llu, %p, %p):",
                        version, actions, exception_class, unwind_exception, unwind_context);

        // Verify that actions follow the rules we expect.
        // This function should never be called at the end of the stack.
        verify(!(actions & _UA_END_OF_STACK));
        // Either only the search phase flag is set or...
        if (actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE) {
                verify(actions == _UA_SEARCH_PHASE);
                __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " lookup phase");
        // ... we are in clean-up phase.
        } else {
                verify(actions & _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE);
                __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " cleanup phase");
                // We shouldn't be the handler frame during forced unwind.
                if (actions & _UA_HANDLER_FRAME) {
                        verify(!(actions & _UA_FORCE_UNWIND));
                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " (handler frame)");
                } else if (actions & _UA_FORCE_UNWIND) {
                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " (force unwind)");
                }
        }

        // Get a pointer to the language specific data from which we will read what we need
        const unsigned char * lsd = _Unwind_GetLanguageSpecificData( unwind_context );

        if ( !lsd ) {   //Nothing to do, keep unwinding
                printf(" no LSD");
                goto UNWIND;
        }

        // Get the instuction pointer and a reading pointer into the exception table
        lsda_header_info lsd_info;
        const unsigned char * cur_ptr = parse_lsda_header(unwind_context, lsd, &lsd_info);
        _Unwind_Ptr instruction_ptr = _Unwind_GetIP(unwind_context);

        struct exception_context_t * context = this_exception_context();

        // Linearly search the table for stuff to do
        while ( cur_ptr < lsd_info.action_table ) {
                _Unwind_Ptr callsite_start;
                _Unwind_Ptr callsite_len;
                _Unwind_Ptr callsite_landing_pad;
                _uleb128_t  callsite_action;

                // Decode the common stuff we have in here
                cur_ptr = read_encoded_value(0, lsd_info.call_site_encoding, cur_ptr, &callsite_start);
                cur_ptr = read_encoded_value(0, lsd_info.call_site_encoding, cur_ptr, &callsite_len);
                cur_ptr = read_encoded_value(0, lsd_info.call_site_encoding, cur_ptr, &callsite_landing_pad);
                cur_ptr = read_uleb128(cur_ptr, &callsite_action);

                // Have we reach the correct frame info yet?
                if ( lsd_info.Start + callsite_start + callsite_len < instruction_ptr ) {
#ifdef __CFA_DEBUG_PRINT__
                        void * ls = (void*)lsd_info.Start;
                        void * cs = (void*)callsite_start;
                        void * cl = (void*)callsite_len;
                        void * bp = (void*)lsd_info.Start + callsite_start;
                        void * ep = (void*)lsd_info.Start + callsite_start + callsite_len;
                        void * ip = (void*)instruction_ptr;
                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, "\nfound %p - %p (%p, %p, %p), looking for %p\n",
                                        bp, ep, ls, cs, cl, ip);
#endif // __CFA_DEBUG_PRINT__
                        continue;
                }

                // Have we gone too far?
                if ( lsd_info.Start + callsite_start > instruction_ptr ) {
                        printf(" gone too far");
                        break;
                }

                // Check for what we must do:
                if ( 0 == callsite_landing_pad ) {
                        // Nothing to do, move along
                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " no landing pad");
                } else if (actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE) {
                        // In search phase, these means we found a potential handler we must check.

                        // We have arbitrarily decided that 0 means nothing to do and 1 means there is
                        // a potential handler. This doesn't seem to conflict the gcc default behavior.
                        if (callsite_action != 0) {
                                // Now we want to run some code to see if the handler matches
                                // This is the tricky part where we want to the power to run arbitrary code
                                // However, generating a new exception table entry and try routine every time
                                // is way more expansive than we might like
                                // The information we have is :
                                //  - The GR (Series of registers)
                                //    GR1=GP Global Pointer of frame ref by context
                                //  - The instruction pointer
                                //  - The instruction pointer info (???)
                                //  - The CFA (Canonical Frame Address)
                                //  - The BSP (Probably the base stack pointer)

                                // The current apprach uses one exception table entry per try block
                                _uleb128_t imatcher;
                                // Get the relative offset to the {...}?
                                cur_ptr = read_uleb128(cur_ptr, &imatcher);

                                _Unwind_Word match_pos =
#                               if defined( __x86_64 )
                                        _Unwind_GetCFA(unwind_context);
#                               elif defined( __i386 )
                                        _Unwind_GetCFA(unwind_context) + 20;
#                               elif defined( __ARM_ARCH )
                                        _Unwind_GetCFA(unwind_context) + 16;
#                               endif
                                //! printf("match_pos: %p\n", (void*)match_pos);
                                //! fflush(stdout);
                                int (*matcher)(exception_t *) = *(int(**)(exception_t *))match_pos;

                                int index = matcher(context->current_exception);
                                _Unwind_Reason_Code ret = (0 == index)
                                        ? _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND : _URC_HANDLER_FOUND;
                                UNWIND_TO_NODE(unwind_exception)->handler_index = index;

                                // Based on the return value, check if we matched the exception
                                if (ret == _URC_HANDLER_FOUND) {
                                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " handler found\n");
                                } else {
                                        // TODO: Continue the search if there is more in the table.
                                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " no handler\n");
                                }
                                return ret;
                        }

                        // This is only a cleanup handler, ignore it
                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " no action");
                } else {
                        // In clean-up phase, no destructors here but this could be the handler.

                        if ( (callsite_action != 0) && !(actions & _UA_HANDLER_FRAME) ){
                                // If this is a potential exception handler
                                // but not the one that matched the exception in the seach phase,
                                // just ignore it
                                goto UNWIND;
                        }

                        // We need to run some clean-up or a handler
                        // These statment do the right thing but I don't know any specifics at all
                        _Unwind_SetGR( unwind_context, __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(0),
                                (_Unwind_Ptr)unwind_exception );
                        _Unwind_SetGR( unwind_context, __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(1), 0 );

                        // I assume this sets the instruction pointer to the adress of the landing pad
                        // It doesn't actually set it, it only state the value that needs to be set once we
                        // return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT
                        _Unwind_SetIP( unwind_context, ((lsd_info.LPStart) + (callsite_landing_pad)) );

                        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " action\n");

                        // Return have some action to run
                        return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;
                }
        }
        // No handling found
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " table end reached");

        UNWIND:
        __cfadbg_print_safe(exception, " unwind\n");

        // Keep unwinding the stack
        return _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
}

#pragma GCC push_options
#pragma GCC optimize(0)

// Try statements are hoisted out see comments for details. While this could probably be unique
// and simply linked from libcfa but there is one problem left, see the exception table for details
__attribute__((noinline))
int __cfaehm_try_terminate(void (*try_block)(),
                __attribute__((unused)) int (*match_block)(exception_t * except)) {
        //! volatile int xy = 0;
        //! printf("%p %p %p\n", &try_block, &match_block, &xy);
        //! fflush(stdout);

        // Setup the personality routine and exception table.
        // Unforturnately these clobber gcc cancellation support which means we can't get access to
        // the attribute cleanup tables at the same time. We would have to inspect the assembly to
        // create a new set ourselves.
#ifdef __PIC__
        asm volatile (".cfi_personality 0x9b,CFA.ref.__gcfa_personality_v0");
        asm volatile (".cfi_lsda 0x1b, .LLSDACFA2");
#else
        asm volatile (".cfi_personality 0x3,__gcfa_personality_v0");
        asm volatile (".cfi_lsda 0x3, .LLSDACFA2");
#endif

        // Label which defines the start of the area for which the handler is setup.
        asm volatile (".TRYSTART:");

        // The actual statements of the try blocks
        try_block();

        // asm statement to prevent deadcode removal
        asm volatile goto ("" : : : : CATCH );

        // Normal return for when there is no throw.
        return 0;

        // Exceptionnal path
        CATCH : __attribute__(( unused ));
        // Label which defines the end of the area for which the handler is setup.
        asm volatile (".TRYEND:");
        // Label which defines the start of the exception landing pad. Basically what is called when
        // the exception is caught. Note, if multiple handlers are given, the multiplexing should be
        // done by the generated code, not the exception runtime.
        asm volatile (".CATCH:");

        return EXCEPT_TO_NODE( this_exception_context()->current_exception )->handler_index;
}

// Exception table data we need to generate. While this is almost generic, the custom data refers
// to {*}try_terminate, which is no way generic. Some more works need to be done if we want to
// have a single call to the try routine.

#ifdef __PIC__
asm (
        // HEADER
        ".LFECFA1:\n"
#if defined( __x86_64 ) || defined( __i386 )
        "       .globl  __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#else // defined( __ARM_ARCH )
        "       .global __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#endif
        "       .section        .gcc_except_table,\"a\",@progbits\n"
        // TABLE HEADER (important field is the BODY length at the end)
        ".LLSDACFA2:\n"
        "       .byte   0xff\n"
        "       .byte   0xff\n"
        "       .byte   0x1\n"
        "       .uleb128 .LLSDACSECFA2-.LLSDACSBCFA2\n"
        // BODY (language specific data)
        // This uses language specific data and can be modified arbitrarily
        // We use handled area offset, handled area length,
        // handler landing pad offset and 1 (action code, gcc seems to use 0).
        ".LLSDACSBCFA2:\n"
        "       .uleb128 .TRYSTART-__cfaehm_try_terminate\n"
        "       .uleb128 .TRYEND-.TRYSTART\n"
        "       .uleb128 .CATCH-__cfaehm_try_terminate\n"
        "       .uleb128 1\n"
        ".LLSDACSECFA2:\n"
        // TABLE FOOTER
        "       .text\n"
        "       .size   __cfaehm_try_terminate, .-__cfaehm_try_terminate\n"
);

// Somehow this piece of helps with the resolution of debug symbols.
__attribute__((unused)) static const int dummy = 0;

asm (
        // Add a hidden symbol which points at the function.
        "       .hidden CFA.ref.__gcfa_personality_v0\n"
        "       .weak   CFA.ref.__gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#if defined( __x86_64 ) || defined( __i386 )
        "       .align 8\n"
#else // defined( __ARM_ARCH )
        "       .align 3\n"
#endif
        "       .type CFA.ref.__gcfa_personality_v0, @object\n"
        "       .size CFA.ref.__gcfa_personality_v0, 8\n"
        "CFA.ref.__gcfa_personality_v0:\n"
#if defined( __x86_64 )
        "       .quad __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#elif defined( __i386 )
        "       .long __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#else // defined( __ARM_ARCH )
        "       .xword __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#endif
);
#else // __PIC__
asm (
        // HEADER
        ".LFECFA1:\n"
#if defined( __x86_64 ) || defined( __i386 )
        "       .globl  __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#else // defined( __ARM_ARCH )
        "       .global __gcfa_personality_v0\n"
#endif
        "       .section        .gcc_except_table,\"a\",@progbits\n"
        // TABLE HEADER (important field is the BODY length at the end)
        ".LLSDACFA2:\n"
        "       .byte   0xff\n"
        "       .byte   0xff\n"
        "       .byte   0x1\n"
        "       .uleb128 .LLSDACSECFA2-.LLSDACSBCFA2\n"
        // BODY (language specific data)
        ".LLSDACSBCFA2:\n"
        //      Handled area start (relative to start of function)
        "       .uleb128 .TRYSTART-__cfaehm_try_terminate\n"
        //      Handled area length
        "       .uleb128 .TRYEND-.TRYSTART\n"
        //      Handler landing pad address (relative to start of function)
        "       .uleb128 .CATCH-__cfaehm_try_terminate\n"
        //      Action code, gcc seems to always use 0.
        "       .uleb128 1\n"
        // TABLE FOOTER
        ".LLSDACSECFA2:\n"
        "       .text\n"
        "       .size   __cfaehm_try_terminate, .-__cfaehm_try_terminate\n"
        "       .ident  \"GCC: (Ubuntu 6.2.0-3ubuntu11~16.04) 6.2.0 20160901\"\n"
        "       .section        .note.GNU-stack,\"x\",@progbits\n"
);
#endif // __PIC__

#pragma GCC pop_options

#else
        #error unsupported hardware architecture
#endif // __x86_64 || __i386 || __ARM_ARCH