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        {\bf Enumerated Types in \CFA}

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        by \\

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        Jiada Liang \\

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        A thesis \\
        presented to the University of Waterloo \\
        in fulfillment of the \\
        thesis requirement for the degree of \\
        Master of Mathematics \\
        in \\
        Computer Science \\

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        Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, \the\year \\

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        \copyright{} Jiada Liang \the\year \\
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\begin{center}\textbf{Examining Committee Membership}\end{center}
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The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote.
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Internal-External Member: \=  \kill % using longest text to define tab length
External Examiner: \>  Bruce Bruce \\
\> Professor, Dept. of Philosophy of Zoology, University of Wallamaloo \\
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Supervisor(s): \> Ann Elk \\
\> Professor, Dept. of Zoology, University of Waterloo \\
\> Andrea Anaconda \\
\> Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Zoology, University of Waterloo \\
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Internal Member: \> Pamela Python \\
\> Professor, Dept. of Zoology, University of Waterloo \\
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Internal-External Member: \> Meta Meta \\
\> Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, University of Waterloo \\
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Other Member(s): \> Leeping Fang \\
\> Professor, Dept. of Fine Art, University of Waterloo \\
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I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.

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I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

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% A B S T R A C T
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An \emph{enumeration} is a type defining a (ordered) set of named constant values.
\begin{cfa}
enum Week { Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun };
enum Math { PI = 3.14159, Tau = 6.28318, Phi = 1.61803 };
enum RGB { Red = 100b, Green = 010b, Blue = 001b };
\end{cfa}
Its purpose is for readability: replacing constant values in a program with symbolic names that are more meaningful to programmers in the context of the application.
Thereafter, associating a name to a different value automatically distributes this rebinding, preventing errors.
One of the key properties of an enumeration is the ability to enumerate (iterate) through the constants, and hence, access their values, if present.
C restricts an enumeration to the integral type @signed int@, while \CC extends enumerations to all integral types, meaning enumeration names must bind to integer constants.
Other modern programming languages provide bindings to any type and additional features to extend enumeration capabilities for better software-engineering practices.

The \CFA (C-for-all) programming language is an evolutionary refinement of the C programing language.
One of its distinctive feature is a parametric-polymorphic generic type.
However, legacy data types from C, such as enumerations, do not adapt well into the \CFA generic type-system.

This thesis extends the simple and unsafe enumeration type in the C programming language into a complex and safe enumeration type in the \CFA programming-language, while maintaining backwards compatibility with C.
The major contribution is an adaptation of enumerated types with the \CFA type-system in a way that integrates naturally with the generic types.
This thesis also presents a number of smaller refinement to the \CFA overload resolution rules for enumerated types, each of which improves the intuitive nature of enumeration name resolution by the compiler.
Finally, this work adds other useful features to enumerations that better support software-engineering practices and simplify program development.

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\begin{center}\textbf{Acknowledgements}\end{center}

To begin, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Peter Buhr.
Thank you for your guidance and support throughout my study and research.
I would not be here without you.

Thanks to Gregor Richards and Yzihou Zhang for reading my thesis.

Special thanks to Andrew James Beach for your insight on the theory development on the thesis.

Thanks to Michael Brooks, Fangran Yu, Colby Parsons, Thierry Delisle, Mubeen Zulifiqar,
and the entire \CFA team for development of the \CFA language, making it the best language it can be.

Finally, a special thank you to Huawei Canada for funding this work.

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This is dedicated to the one I love.
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