[dac16a0] | 1 | \chapter{Performance} |
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| 2 | \label{c:performance} |
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| 3 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 4 | Performance is of secondary importance for most of this project. |
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| 5 | Instead, the focus is to get the features working. The only performance |
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| 6 | requirement is to ensure the tests for correctness run in a reasonable |
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[dac16a0] | 7 | amount of time. |
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[b51e389c] | 8 | |
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| 9 | \section{Test Set-Up} |
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[c9f9d4f] | 10 | Tests were run in \CFA, C++, Java and Python. |
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[9698690] | 11 | In addition there are two sets of tests for \CFA, |
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[c9f9d4f] | 12 | one for termination and one for resumption exceptions. |
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[dac16a0] | 13 | |
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| 14 | C++ is the most comparable language because both it and \CFA use the same |
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| 15 | framework, libunwind. |
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[029cbc0] | 16 | In fact, the comparison is almost entirely a quality of implementation |
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[c9f9d4f] | 17 | comparison: \CFA's EHM has had significantly less time to be optimized and |
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[dac16a0] | 18 | does not generate its own assembly. It does have a slight advantage in that |
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[c9f9d4f] | 19 | there are some features it handles directly instead of through utility functions, |
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[9698690] | 20 | but otherwise \Cpp has a significant advantage. |
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[dac16a0] | 21 | |
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[029cbc0] | 22 | Java is another very popular language with similar termination semantics. |
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| 23 | It is implemented in a very different environment, a virtual machine with |
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| 24 | garbage collection. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 25 | It also implements the @finally@ clause on @try@ blocks allowing for a direct |
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[029cbc0] | 26 | feature-to-feature comparison. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 27 | As with \Cpp, Java's implementation is mature, optimizations |
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| 28 | and has extra features. |
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[9698690] | 29 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 30 | Python is used as an alternative point of comparison because of the \CFA EHM's |
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| 31 | current performance goals, which is not to be prohibitively slow while the |
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[9698690] | 32 | features are designed and examined. Python has similar performance goals for |
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| 33 | creating quick scripts and its wide use suggests it has achieved those goals. |
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| 34 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 35 | Unfortunately, there are no notable modern programming languages with |
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| 36 | resumption exceptions. Even the older programming languages with resumption |
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| 37 | seem to be notable only for having resumption. |
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| 38 | So instead, resumption is compared to a less similar but much more familiar |
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[9698690] | 39 | feature, termination exceptions. |
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[dac16a0] | 40 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 41 | All tests are run inside a main loop that repeatedly performs a test. |
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| 42 | This approach avoids start-up or tear-down time from |
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[dac16a0] | 43 | affecting the timing results. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 44 | Each test is run a million times. |
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| 45 | The Java versions of the test run this loop an extra 1000 times before |
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| 46 | beginning to actual test to ``warm-up" the JVM. |
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[9698690] | 47 | |
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| 48 | Timing is done internally, with time measured immediately before and |
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[c9f9d4f] | 49 | after the test loop. The difference is calculated and printed. |
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[9698690] | 50 | The loop structure and internal timing means it is impossible to test |
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| 51 | unhandled exceptions in \Cpp and Java as that would cause the process to |
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| 52 | terminate. |
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| 53 | Luckily, performance on the ``give-up and kill the process" path is not |
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| 54 | critical. |
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[dac16a0] | 55 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 56 | The exceptions used in these tests are always based off of |
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| 57 | a base exception. This requirement minimizes performance differences based |
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| 58 | on the object model used to represent the exception. |
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[9698690] | 59 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 60 | All tests are designed to be as minimal as possible, while still preventing |
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| 61 | excessive optimizations. |
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[9698690] | 62 | For example, empty inline assembly blocks are used in \CFA and \Cpp to |
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| 63 | prevent excessive optimizations while adding no actual work. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 64 | Each test was run eleven times. The top three and bottom three results were |
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| 65 | discarded and the remaining five values are averaged. |
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| 66 | |
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| 67 | The tests are compiled with gcc-10 for \CFA and g++-10 for \Cpp. Java is |
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| 68 | compiled with 11.0.11. Python with 3.8. The tests were run on: |
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| 69 | \begin{itemize}[nosep] |
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| 70 | \item |
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| 71 | ARM 2280 Kunpeng 920 48-core 2$\times$socket \lstinline{@} 2.6 GHz running Linux v5.11.0-25 |
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| 72 | \item |
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| 73 | AMD 6380 Abu Dhabi 16-core 4$\times$socket \lstinline{@} 2.5 GHz running Linux v5.11.0-25 |
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| 74 | \end{itemize} |
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[dac16a0] | 75 | |
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[9698690] | 76 | % We don't use catch-alls but if we did: |
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| 77 | % Catch-alls are done by catching the root exception type (not using \Cpp's |
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| 78 | % \code{C++}{catch(...)}). |
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[dac16a0] | 79 | |
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[b51e389c] | 80 | \section{Tests} |
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[029cbc0] | 81 | The following tests were selected to test the performance of different |
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| 82 | components of the exception system. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 83 | They should provide a guide as to where the EHM's costs are found. |
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[029cbc0] | 84 | |
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[ea593a3] | 85 | \paragraph{Raise and Handle} |
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[c9f9d4f] | 86 | The first group measures the cost of a try statement when exceptions are raised |
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| 87 | and \emph{the stack is unwound}. Each test has has a repeating function like |
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| 88 | the following |
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| 89 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 90 | void unwind_empty(unsigned int frames) { |
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| 91 | if (frames) { |
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| 92 | unwind_empty(frames - 1); |
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| 93 | } else throw (empty_exception){&empty_vt}; |
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| 94 | } |
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| 95 | \end{cfa} |
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| 96 | which is called M times, where each call recurses to a depth of N, an |
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| 97 | exception is raised, the stack is a unwound, and the exception caught. |
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[9698690] | 98 | \begin{itemize}[nosep] |
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[c9f9d4f] | 99 | \item Empty: |
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| 100 | This test measures the cost of raising (stack walking) an exception through empty |
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| 101 | empty stack frames to an empty handler. (see above) |
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[ea593a3] | 102 | \item Destructor: |
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[c9f9d4f] | 103 | |
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| 104 | This test measures the cost of raising an exception through non-empty frames |
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| 105 | where each frame has an object requiring destruction, to an empty |
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| 106 | handler. Hence, there are N destructor calls during unwinding. |
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| 107 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 108 | if (frames) { |
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| 109 | WithDestructor object; |
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| 110 | unwind_empty(frames - 1); |
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| 111 | \end{cfa} |
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[ea593a3] | 112 | \item Finally: |
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[c9f9d4f] | 113 | This test measures the cost of establishing a try block with an empty finally |
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| 114 | clause on the front side of the recursion and running the empty finally clause |
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| 115 | on the back side of the recursion during stack unwinding. |
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| 116 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 117 | if (frames) { |
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| 118 | try { |
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| 119 | unwind_finally(frames - 1); |
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| 120 | } finally {} |
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| 121 | \end{cfa} |
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[ea593a3] | 122 | \item Other Handler: |
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[c9f9d4f] | 123 | This test is like the finally test but the try block has a catch clause for an |
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| 124 | exception that is not raised, so catch matching is executed during stack |
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| 125 | unwinding but the match never successes until the catch at the bottom of the |
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| 126 | stack. |
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| 127 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 128 | if (frames) { |
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| 129 | try { |
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| 130 | unwind_other(frames - 1); |
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| 131 | } catch (not_raised_exception *) {} |
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| 132 | \end{cfa} |
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[ea593a3] | 133 | \end{itemize} |
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| 134 | |
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| 135 | \paragraph{Cross Try Statement} |
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[c9f9d4f] | 136 | The next group measures just the cost of executing a try statement so |
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| 137 | \emph{there is no stack unwinding}. Hence, the program main loops N times |
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| 138 | around: |
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| 139 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 140 | try { |
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| 141 | } catch (not_raised_exception *) {} |
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| 142 | \end{cfa} |
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[9698690] | 143 | \begin{itemize}[nosep] |
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[ea593a3] | 144 | \item Handler: |
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[c9f9d4f] | 145 | The try statement has a handler. |
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[ea593a3] | 146 | \item Finally: |
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[c9f9d4f] | 147 | The try statement replaces the handler with a finally clause. |
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[ea593a3] | 148 | \end{itemize} |
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| 149 | |
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| 150 | \paragraph{Conditional Matching} |
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[c9f9d4f] | 151 | This final group measures the cost of conditional matching. |
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[ea593a3] | 152 | Only \CFA implements the language level conditional match, |
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| 153 | the other languages must mimic with an ``unconditional" match (it still |
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[9698690] | 154 | checks the exception's type) and conditional re-raise if it was not supposed |
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| 155 | to handle that exception. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 156 | \begin{center} |
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| 157 | \begin{tabular}{ll} |
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| 158 | \multicolumn{1}{c}{\CFA} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\Cpp, Java, Python} \\ |
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| 159 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 160 | try { |
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| 161 | throw_exception(); |
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| 162 | } catch (empty_exception * exc; |
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| 163 | should_catch) { |
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| 164 | } |
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| 165 | \end{cfa} |
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| 166 | & |
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| 167 | \begin{cfa} |
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| 168 | try { |
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| 169 | throw_exception(); |
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| 170 | } catch (EmptyException & exc) { |
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| 171 | if (!should_catch) throw; |
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| 172 | } |
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| 173 | \end{cfa} |
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| 174 | \end{tabular} |
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| 175 | \end{center} |
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[9698690] | 176 | \begin{itemize}[nosep] |
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| 177 | \item Match All: |
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[ea593a3] | 178 | The condition is always true. (Always matches or never re-raises.) |
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[9698690] | 179 | \item Match None: |
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[ea593a3] | 180 | The condition is always false. (Never matches or always re-raises.) |
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| 181 | \end{itemize} |
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[dac16a0] | 182 | |
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| 183 | %\section{Cost in Size} |
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| 184 | %Using exceptions also has a cost in the size of the executable. |
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| 185 | %Although it is sometimes ignored |
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| 186 | % |
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| 187 | %There is a size cost to defining a personality function but the later problem |
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| 188 | %is the LSDA which will be generated for every function. |
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| 189 | % |
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| 190 | %(I haven't actually figured out how to compare this, probably using something |
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| 191 | %related to -fexceptions.) |
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[029cbc0] | 192 | |
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[9698690] | 193 | \section{Results} |
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| 194 | In cases where a feature is not supported by a language the test is skipped |
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[c9f9d4f] | 195 | for that language. |
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| 196 | \PAB{Report all values. |
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| 197 | |
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| 198 | Similarly, if a test does not change between resumption |
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[9698690] | 199 | and termination in \CFA, then only one test is written and the result |
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| 200 | was put into the termination column. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 201 | } |
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[9698690] | 202 | |
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[0b67a19] | 203 | % Raw Data: |
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| 204 | % run-algol-a.sat |
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| 205 | % --------------- |
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| 206 | % Raise Empty & 82687046678 & 291616256 & 3252824847 & 15422937623 & 14736271114 \\ |
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| 207 | % Raise D'tor & 219933199603 & 297897792 & 223602799362 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 208 | % Raise Finally & 219703078448 & 298391745 & N/A & ... & 18923060958 \\ |
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| 209 | % Raise Other & 296744104920 & 2854342084 & 112981255103 & 15475924808 & 21293137454 \\ |
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| 210 | % Cross Handler & 9256648 & 13518430 & 769328 & 3486252 & 31790804 \\ |
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| 211 | % Cross Finally & 769319 & N/A & N/A & 2272831 & 37491962 \\ |
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| 212 | % Match All & 3654278402 & 47518560 & 3218907794 & 1296748192 & 624071886 \\ |
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| 213 | % Match None & 4788861754 & 58418952 & 9458936430 & 1318065020 & 625200906 \\ |
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| 214 | % |
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| 215 | % run-algol-thr-c |
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| 216 | % --------------- |
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| 217 | % Raise Empty & 3757606400 & 36472972 & 3257803337 & 15439375452 & 14717808642 \\ |
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| 218 | % Raise D'tor & 64546302019 & 102148375 & 223648121635 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 219 | % Raise Finally & 64671359172 & 103285005 & N/A & 15442729458 & 18927008844 \\ |
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| 220 | % Raise Other & 294143497130 & 2630130385 & 112969055576 & 15448220154 & 21279953424 \\ |
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| 221 | % Cross Handler & 9646462 & 11955668 & 769328 & 3453707 & 31864074 \\ |
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| 222 | % Cross Finally & 773412 & N/A & N/A & 2253825 & 37266476 \\ |
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| 223 | % Match All & 3719462155 & 43294042 & 3223004977 & 1286054154 & 623887874 \\ |
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| 224 | % Match None & 4971630929 & 55311709 & 9481225467 & 1310251289 & 623752624 \\ |
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[5438e41] | 225 | % |
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| 226 | % run-algol-04-a |
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| 227 | % -------------- |
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| 228 | % Raise Empty & 0.0 & 0.0 & 3250260945 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 229 | % Raise D'tor & 0.0 & 0.0 & 29017675113 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 230 | % Raise Finally & 0.0 & 0.0 & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 231 | % Raise Other & 0.0 & 0.0 & 24411823773 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 232 | % Cross Handler & 0.0 & 0.0 & 769334 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 233 | % Cross Finally & 0.0 & N/A & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 234 | % Match All & 0.0 & 0.0 & 3254283504 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 235 | % Match None & 0.0 & 0.0 & 9476060146 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 236 | |
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[9698690] | 237 | \begin{tabular}{|l|c c c c c|} |
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| 238 | \hline |
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| 239 | & \CFA (Terminate) & \CFA (Resume) & \Cpp & Java & Python \\ |
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| 240 | \hline |
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| 241 | Raise Empty & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 242 | Raise D'tor & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 243 | Raise Finally & 0.0 & 0.0 & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 244 | Raise Other & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 245 | Cross Handler & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 246 | Cross Finally & 0.0 & N/A & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 247 | Match All & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 248 | Match None & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 249 | \hline |
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| 250 | \end{tabular} |
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[0b67a19] | 251 | |
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| 252 | % run-plg7a-a.sat |
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| 253 | % --------------- |
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| 254 | % Raise Empty & 57169011329 & 296612564 & 2788557155 & 17511466039 & 23324548496 \\ |
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| 255 | % Raise D'tor & 150599858014 & 318443709 & 149651693682 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 256 | % Raise Finally & 148223145000 & 373325807 & N/A & ... & 29074552998 \\ |
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| 257 | % Raise Other & 189463708732 & 3017109322 & 85819281694 & 17584295487 & 32602686679 \\ |
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| 258 | % Cross Handler & 8001654 & 13584858 & 1555995 & 6626775 & 41927358 \\ |
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| 259 | % Cross Finally & 1002473 & N/A & N/A & 4554344 & 51114381 \\ |
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| 260 | % Match All & 3162460860 & 37315018 & 2649464591 & 1523205769 & 742374509 \\ |
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| 261 | % Match None & 4054773797 & 47052659 & 7759229131 & 1555373654 & 744656403 \\ |
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| 262 | % |
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| 263 | % run-plg7a-thr-a |
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| 264 | % --------------- |
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| 265 | % Raise Empty & 3604235388 & 29829965 & 2786931833 & 17576506385 & 23352975105 \\ |
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| 266 | % Raise D'tor & 46552380948 & 178709605 & 149834207219 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 267 | % Raise Finally & 46265157775 & 177906320 & N/A & 17493045092 & 29170962959 \\ |
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| 268 | % Raise Other & 195659245764 & 2376968982 & 86070431924 & 17552979675 & 32501882918 \\ |
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| 269 | % Cross Handler & 397031776 & 12503552 & 1451225 & 6658628 & 42304965 \\ |
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| 270 | % Cross Finally & 1136746 & N/A & N/A & 4468799 & 46155817 \\ |
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| 271 | % Match All & 3189512499 & 39124453 & 2667795989 & 1525889031 & 733785613 \\ |
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| 272 | % Match None & 4094675477 & 48749857 & 7850618572 & 1566713577 & 733478963 \\ |
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[5438e41] | 273 | % |
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| 274 | % run-plg7a-04-a |
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| 275 | % -------------- |
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| 276 | % 0.0 are unfilled. |
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| 277 | % Raise Empty & 0.0 & 0.0 & 2770781479 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 278 | % Raise D'tor & 0.0 & 0.0 & 23530084907 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 279 | % Raise Finally & 0.0 & 0.0 & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 280 | % Raise Other & 0.0 & 0.0 & 23816827982 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 281 | % Cross Handler & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1422188 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 282 | % Cross Finally & 0.0 & N/A & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 283 | % Match All & 0.0 & 0.0 & 2671989778 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 284 | % Match None & 0.0 & 0.0 & 7829059869 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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[0b67a19] | 285 | |
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| 286 | % PLG7A (in seconds) |
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| 287 | \begin{tabular}{|l|c c c c c|} |
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| 288 | \hline |
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| 289 | & \CFA (Terminate) & \CFA (Resume) & \Cpp & Java & Python \\ |
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| 290 | \hline |
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| 291 | Raise Empty & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 292 | Raise D'tor & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & N/A & N/A \\ |
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| 293 | Raise Finally & 0.0 & 0.0 & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 294 | Raise Other & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 295 | Cross Handler & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 296 | Cross Finally & 0.0 & N/A & N/A & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 297 | Match All & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 298 | Match None & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ |
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| 299 | \hline |
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| 300 | \end{tabular} |
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| 301 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 302 | One result not directly related to \CFA but important to keep in |
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| 303 | mind is that, for exceptions, the standard intuition about which languages |
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| 304 | should go faster often does not hold. For example, there are cases where Python out-performs |
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| 305 | \Cpp and Java. The most likely explanation is that, since exceptions are |
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| 306 | rarely considered to be the common case, the more optimized languages |
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| 307 | make that case expense. In addition, languages with high-level |
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| 308 | representations have a much easier time scanning the stack as there is less |
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[0b67a19] | 309 | to decode. |
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| 310 | |
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[c9f9d4f] | 311 | This observation means that while \CFA does not actually keep up with Python in every |
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| 312 | case, it is usually no worse than roughly half the speed of \Cpp. This performance is good |
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[0b67a19] | 313 | enough for the prototyping purposes of the project. |
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| 314 | |
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[5438e41] | 315 | The test case where \CFA falls short is Raise Other, the case where the |
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| 316 | stack is unwound including a bunch of non-matching handlers. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 317 | This slowdown seems to come from missing optimizations. |
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| 318 | |
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[5438e41] | 319 | Importantly, there is a huge slowdown in \Cpp's results bringing that brings |
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[c9f9d4f] | 320 | \CFA's performance back in that roughly half speed area. However many other |
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[5438e41] | 321 | \CFA benchmarks increase their run-time by a similar amount falling far |
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| 322 | behind their \Cpp counter-parts. |
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| 323 | |
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| 324 | This suggests that the performance issue in Raise Other is just an |
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| 325 | optimization not being applied. Later versions of gcc may be able to |
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| 326 | optimize this case further, at least down to the half of \Cpp mark. |
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| 327 | A \CFA compiler that directly produced assembly could do even better as it |
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| 328 | would not have to work across some of \CFA's current abstractions, like |
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| 329 | the try terminate function. |
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[0b67a19] | 330 | |
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| 331 | Resumption exception handling is also incredibly fast. Often an order of |
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| 332 | magnitude or two better than the best termination speed. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 333 | There is a simple explanation for this; traversing a linked list is much |
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[0b67a19] | 334 | faster than examining and unwinding the stack. When resumption does not do as |
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[c9f9d4f] | 335 | well its when more try statements are used per raise. Updating the internal |
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| 336 | linked list is not very expensive but it does add up. |
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[0b67a19] | 337 | |
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| 338 | The relative speed of the Match All and Match None tests (within each |
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| 339 | language) can also show the effectiveness conditional matching as compared |
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| 340 | to catch and rethrow. |
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| 341 | \begin{itemize}[nosep] |
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| 342 | \item |
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| 343 | Java and Python get similar values in both tests. |
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[c9f9d4f] | 344 | Between the interpreted code, a higher level representation of the call |
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[0b67a19] | 345 | stack and exception reuse it it is possible the cost for a second |
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| 346 | throw can be folded into the first. |
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| 347 | % Is this due to optimization? |
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| 348 | \item |
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[c9f9d4f] | 349 | Both types of \CFA are slightly slower if there is not a match. |
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[0b67a19] | 350 | For termination this likely comes from unwinding a bit more stack through |
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| 351 | libunwind instead of executing the code normally. |
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| 352 | For resumption there is extra work in traversing more of the list and running |
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| 353 | more checks for a matching exceptions. |
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| 354 | % Resumption is a bit high for that but this is my best theory. |
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| 355 | \item |
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| 356 | Then there is \Cpp, which takes 2--3 times longer to catch and rethrow vs. |
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| 357 | just the catch. This is very high, but it does have to repeat the same |
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| 358 | process of unwinding the stack and may have to parse the LSDA of the function |
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| 359 | with the catch and rethrow twice, once before the catch and once after the |
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| 360 | rethrow. |
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| 361 | % I spent a long time thinking of what could push it over twice, this is all |
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| 362 | % I have to explain it. |
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| 363 | \end{itemize} |
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| 364 | The difference in relative performance does show that there are savings to |
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| 365 | be made by performing the check without catching the exception. |
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