source: doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/code/throw-empty.cpp

// Throw Across Empty Function
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;
using namespace std::chrono;

struct EmptyException : public std::exception {};

void unwind_empty(unsigned int frames) {
        if (frames) {
                unwind_empty(frames - 1);
                if (-1 == frames) printf("~");
        } else {
                throw (EmptyException){};
        }
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
        unsigned int times = 1;
        unsigned int total_frames = 1;
        if (1 < argc) {
                times = strtol(argv[1], nullptr, 10);
        }
        if (2 < argc) {
                total_frames = strtol(argv[2], nullptr, 10);
        }

        time_point<steady_clock> start_time = steady_clock::now();
        for (unsigned int count = 0 ; count < times ; ++count) {
                try {
                        unwind_empty(total_frames);
                } catch (EmptyException &) {
                        asm volatile ("# catch block");
                }
        }
        time_point<steady_clock> end_time = steady_clock::now();
        nanoseconds duration = duration_cast<nanoseconds>(end_time - start_time);
        cout << "Run-Time (s): " << fixed << setprecision(1) << duration.count() / 1'000'000'000. << endl;
}