source: doc/papers/concurrency/response @ 37e9c1d

ADTast-experimentalenumpthread-emulationqualifiedEnum
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1    A revised version of your manuscript that takes into account the comments
2    of the referees will be reconsidered for publication.
3
4We have attempted to address all the referee's comments in the revised version
5of the paper, with notes below for each comment.
6
7=============================================================================
8
9    Reviewing: 1
10
11    As far as I can tell, the article contains three main ideas: an
12    asynchronous execution / threading model; a model for monitors to provide
13    mutual exclusion; and an implementation.  The first two ideas are drawn
14    together in Table 1: unfortunately this is on page 25 of 30 pages of
15    text. Implementation choices and descriptions are scattered throughout the
16    paper - and the sectioning of the paper seems almost arbitrary.
17
18Fixed, Table 1 is moved to the start and explained in detail.
19
20    The article is about its contributions.  Simply adding feature X to
21    language Y isn't by itself a contribution, (when feature X isn't already a
22    contribution).
23
24C++ (Y) added object-oriented programming (X) to C, where OO programming (X)
25was not a contribution.
26
27    For example: why support two kinds of generators as well as user-level
28    threads?  Why support both low and high level synchronization constructs?
29
30Fixed, as part of discussing Table 1.
31
32    Similarly I would have found the article easier to follow if it was written
33    top down, presenting the design principles, present the space of language
34    features, justify chosen language features (and rationale) and those
35    excluded, and then present implementation, and performance.
36
37Fixed, the paper is now restructured in this form.
38
39    Then the writing of the article is often hard to follow, to say the
40    least. Two examples: section 3 "stateful functions" - I've some idea
41    what that is (a function with Algol's "own" or C's "static" variables?
42    but in fact the paper has a rather more specific idea than that.
43
44Fixed, at the start of this section.
45
46    The top of page 3 throws a whole lot of definitions at the reader
47    "generator" "coroutine" "stackful" "stackless" "symmetric" "asymmetric"
48    without every stopping to define each one
49
50Hopefully fixed by moving Table 1 forward.
51
52    --- but then in footnote "C" takes the time to explain what C's "main"
53    function is? I cannot imagine a reader of this paper who doesn't know what
54    "main" is in C; especially if they understand the other concepts already
55    presented in the paper.
56
57Fixed by shortening.
58
59    The start of section 3 then does the same
60    thing: putting up a whole lot of definitions, making distinctions and
61    comparisons, even talking about some runtime details, but the critical
62    definition of a monitor doesn't appear until three pages later, at the
63    start of section 5 on p15, lines 29-34 are a good, clear, description
64    of what a monitor actually is.  That needs to come first, rather than
65    being buried again after two sections of comparisons, discussions,
66    implementations, and options that are ungrounded because they haven't
67    told the reader what they are actually talking about.  First tell the
68    reader what something is, then how they might use it (as programmers:
69    what are the rules and restrictions) and only then start comparison
70    with other things, other approaches, other languages, or
71    implementations.
72
73Hopefully fixed by moving Table 1 forward.
74
75    The description of the implementation is similarly lost in the trees
76    without ever really seeing the wood. Figure 19 is crucial here, but
77    it's pretty much at the end of the paper, and comments about
78    implementations are threaded throughout the paper without the context
79    (fig 19) to understand what's going on.
80
81We have to agree to disagree on the location of Fig 19. Early discussion about
82implementation for the various control structures are specific to that feature.
83Fig 19 shows the global runtime structure, which manages only the threading
84aspect of the control structures and their global organization.
85
86    The protocol for performance testing may just about suffice for C (although
87    is N constantly ten million, or does it vary for each benchmark)
88
89Fixed, the paper states N varies per language/benchmark so the benchmark runs
90long enough to get a good average per operation.
91
92    but such evaluation isn't appropriate for garbage-collected or JITTed
93    languages like Java or Go.
94
95Please explain. All the actions in the benchmarks occur independently of the
96storage-management scheme, e.g., acquiring a lock is an aspect of execution not
97storage. In fact, garbage-collected or JITTed languages cheat on benchmarks and
98we had to take great care to prevent cheating and measure the actual operation.
99
100    p1 only a subset of C-forall extensions?
101
102Fixed, removed.
103
104    p1 "has features often associated with object-oriented programming
105    languages, such as constructors, destructors, virtuals and simple
106    inheritance."  There's no need to quibble about this. Once a language has
107    inheritance, it's hard to claim it's not object-oriented.
108
109We have to agree to disagree. Object languages are defined by the notion of
110nested functions in a aggregate structure with a special receiver parameter
111"this", not by inheritance.  Inheritance is a polymorphic mechanism, e.g,
112Plan-9 C has simple inheritance but is not object-oriented. Because Cforall
113does not have a specific receiver, it is possible to have multiple function
114parameters as receivers, which introduces new concepts like bulk acquire for
115monitors.
116
117    p2 barging? signals-as-hints?
118
119Added a footnote for barging. We feel these terms are well known in the
120concurrency literature, especially in pthreads and Java, and both terms have
121citations with extensive explanations and further citations.
122
123    p3 start your discussion of generations with a simple example of a
124    C-forall generator.  Fig 1(b) might do: but put it inline instead of
125    the python example - and explain the key rules and restrictions on the
126    construct.  Then don't even start to compare with coroutines until
127    you've presented, described and explained your coroutines...
128    p3 I'd probably leave out the various "C" versions unless there are
129    key points to make you can't make in C-forall. All the alternatives
130    are just confusing.
131
132Hopefully fixed as this block of text has been rewritten.
133
134    p4 but what's that "with" in Fig 1(B)
135
136Footnote D explains the semantic of "with", which is like unqualified access
137for the receiver to the fields of a class from member routines, i.e., no
138"this->".
139
140    p5 start with the high level features of C-forall generators...
141
142Hopefully fixed by moving Table 1 forward.
143
144    p5 why is the paper explaining networking protocols?
145
146Fixed, added discussion on this point.
147
148    p7 lines 1-9 (transforming generator to coroutine - why would I do any of
149    this? Why would I want one instead of the other (do not use "stack" in your
150    answer!)
151
152As stated on line 1 because state declarations from the generator type can be
153moved out of the coroutine type into the coroutine main
154
155    p10 last para "A coroutine must retain its last resumer to suspend back
156    because the resumer is on a different stack. These reverse pointers allow
157    suspend to cycle backwards, " I've no idea what is going on here?  why
158    should I care?  Shouldn't I just be using threads instead?  why not?
159
160Hopefully fixed by moving Table 1 forward.
161
162    p16 for the same reasons - what reasons?
163
164Hopefully fixed by moving Table 1 forward.
165
166    p17 if the multiple-monitor entry procedure really is novel, write a paper
167    about that, and only about that.
168
169We do not believe this is a practical suggestion.
170
171    p23 "Loose Object Definitions" - no idea what that means.  in that
172    section: you can't leave out JS-style dynamic properties.  Even in
173    OOLs that (one way or another) allow separate definitions of methods
174    (like Objective-C, Swift, Ruby, C#) at any time a runtime class has a
175    fixed definition.  Quite why the detail about bit mask implementation
176    is here anyway, I've no idea.
177
178Fixed by rewriting the section.
179
180    p25 this cluster isn't a CLU cluster then?
181
182No. A CLU cluster is like a class in an object-oriented programming language.
183A CFA cluster is a runtime organizational mechanism.
184
185    * conclusion should conclude the paper, not the related.
186
187We do not understand this comment.
188
189=============================================================================
190
191    Reviewing: 2
192
193    There is much description of the system and its details, but nothing about
194    (non-artificial) uses of it. Although the microbenchmark data is
195    encouraging, arguably not enough practical experience with the system has
196    been reported here to say much about either its usability advantages or its
197    performance.
198
199We have a Catch-22 problem. Without publicity, there is no user community;
200without a user community, there are no publications for publicity.
201
202    p2: lines 4--9 are a little sloppy. It is not the languages but their
203    popular implementations which "adopt" the 1:1 kernel threading model.
204
205Fixed.
206
207    line 10: "medium work" -- "medium-sized work"?
208
209Fixed.
210
211    line 18: "is all sequential to the compiler" -- not true in modern
212    compilers, and in 2004 H-J Boehm wrote a tech report describing exactly why
213    ("Threads cannot be implemented as a library", HP Labs).
214
215We will have to disagree on this point. First, I am aware of Hans's 2004 paper
216because in that paper Hans cites my seminal work on this topic from 1995, which
217we cite in this paper.  Second, while modern memory-models have been added to
218languages like Java/C/C++ and new languages usually start with a memory model,
219it is still the programmer's responsibility to use them for racy code. Only
220when the programing language provides race-free constructs is the language
221aware of the concurrency; otherwise the code is sequential. Hans's paper "You
222Don't Know Jack About Shared Variables or Memory Models" talks about these
223issues, and is also cited in the paper.
224
225    line 20: "knows the optimization boundaries" -- I found this vague. What's
226    an example?
227
228Fixed.
229
230    line 31: this paragraph has made a lot of claims. Perhaps forward-reference
231    to the parts of the paper that discuss each one.
232
233Fixed by adding a road-map paragraph at the end of the introduction.
234
235    line 33: "so the reader can judge if" -- this reads rather
236    passive-aggressively. Perhaps better: "... to support our argument that..."
237
238Fixed.
239
240    line 41: "a dynamic partitioning mechanism" -- I couldn't tell what this
241    meant
242
243Fixed.
244
245    p3. Presenting concept of a "stateful function" as a new language feature
246    seems odd. In C, functions often have local state thanks to static local
247    variables (or globals, indeed). Of course, that has several
248    limitations. Can you perhaps present your contributions by enumerating
249    these limitations? See also my suggestion below about a possible framing
250    centred on a strawman.
251
252Fixed, at the start of this section.
253
254    line 2: "an old idea that is new again" -- this is too oblique
255
256Fixed, removed.
257
258    lines 2--15: I found this to be a word/concept soup. Stacks, closures,
259    generators, stackless stackful, coroutine, symmetric, asymmetric,
260    resume/suspend versus resume/resume... there needs to be a more gradual and
261    structured way to introduce all this, and ideally one that minimises
262    redundancy. Maybe present it as a series of "definitions" each with its own
263    heading, e.g. "A closure is stackless if its local state has statically
264    known fixed size"; "A generator simply means a stackless closure." And so
265    on. Perhaps also strongly introduce the word "activate" as a direct
266    contrast with resume and suspend. These are just a flavour of the sort of
267    changes that might make this paragraph into something readable.
268
269    Continuing the thought: I found it confusing that by these definitions, a
270    stackful closure is not a stack, even though logically the stack *is* a
271    kind of closure (it is a representation of the current thread's
272    continuation).
273
274Fixed. Rewrote paragraph and moved Table 1 forward.
275
276    lines 24--27: without explaining what the boost functor types mean, I don't
277    think the point here comes across.
278
279Replaced with uC++ example because boost appears to have dropped symmetric
280coroutines.
281
282    line 34: "semantically coupled" -- I wasn't sure what this meant
283
284Fixed.
285
286    p4: the point of Figure 1 (C) was not immediately clear. It seem to be
287    showing how one might "compile down" Figure 1 (B). Or is that Figure 1 (A)?
288
289Fixed. Rewrote sentence.
290
291    It's right that the incidental language features of the system are not
292    front-and-centre, but I'd appreciate some brief glossing of non-C languages
293    features as they appear. Examples are the square bracket notation, the pipe
294    notation and the constructor syntax. These explanations could go in the
295    caption of the figure which first uses them, perhaps. Overall I found the
296    figure captions to be terse, and a missed opportunity to explain clearly
297    what was going on.
298
299Fixed, added descriptive footnote about Cforall. We prefer to put text in the
300body of the paper and keep captions short.
301
302    p5 line 23: "This restriction is removed..." -- give us some up-front
303    summary of your contributions and the elements of the language design that
304    will be talked about, so that this isn't an aside. This will reduce the
305    "twisty passages" feeling that characterises much of the paper.
306
307Fixed, remove parenthesis.
308
309    line 40: "a killer asymmetric generator" -- this is stylistically odd, and
310    the sentence about failures doesn't convincingly argue that C\/ will help
311    with them. Have you any experience writing device drivers using C\/? Or any
312    argument that the kinds of failures can be traced to the "stack-ripping"
313    style that one is forced to use without coroutines ?
314
315Fixed, added new paragraph.
316
317    Also, a typo on line
318    41: "device drives". And saying "Windows/Linux" is sloppy... what does the
319    cited paper actually say?
320
321Fixed.
322
323    p6 lines 13--23: this paragraph is difficult to understand. It seems to be
324    talking about a control-flow pattern roughly equivalent to tail recursion.
325    What is the high-level point, other than that this is possible?
326
327Fixed, rewrote start of the paragraph.
328
329    line 34: "which they call coroutines" -- a better way to make this point is
330    presumably that the C++20 proposal only provides a specialised kind of
331    coroutine, namely generators, despite its use of the more general word.
332
333Fixed.
334
335    line 47: "... due to dynamic stack allocation, execution..." -- this
336    sentence doesn't scan. I suggest adding "and for" in the relevant places
337    where currently there are only commas.
338
339Fixed.
340
341    p8 / Figure 5 (B) -- the GNU C extension of unary "&&" needs to be
342    explained.
343
344Fixed, added explanation at first usage in Figure 1(C) and reference.
345
346    The whole figure needs a better explanation, in fact.
347
348Fixed, rewrote start of the paragraph.
349
350    p9, lines 1--10: I wasn't sure this stepping-through really added much
351    value. What are the truly important points to note about this code?
352
353Fixed, shortened and merged with previous paragraph.
354
355    p10: similarly, lines 3--27 again are somewhere between tedious and
356    confusing. I'm sure the motivation and details of "starter semantics" can
357    both be stated much more pithily.
358
359Fixed, shortened these paragraphs.
360
361    line 32: "a self-resume does not overwrite the last resumer" -- is this a
362    hack or a defensible principled decision?
363
364Fixed, removed but it is a defensible principled decision.
365
366    p11: "a common source of errors" -- among beginners or among production
367    code? Presumably the former.
368
369Forgetting is not specific to beginners.
370
371    line 23: "with builtin and library" -- not sure what this means
372
373Fixed.
374
375    lines 31--36: these can be much briefer. The only important point here
376    seems to be that coroutines cannot be copied.
377
378Fixed, shortened.
379
380    p12: line 1: what is a "task"? Does it matter?
381
382Fixed, "task" has been changed to "thread" throughout the paper.
383
384     line 7: calling it "heap stack" seems to be a recipe for
385     confusion. "Stack-and-heap" might be better, and contrast with
386     "stack-and-VLS" perhaps. When "VLS" is glossed, suggest actually expanding
387     its initials: say "length" not "size".
388
389Fixed, make correction and rewrote some of the text.
390
391     line 21: are you saying "cooperative threading" is the same as
392     "non-preemptive scheduling", or that one is a special case (kind) of the
393     other? Both are defensible, but be clear.
394
395Fixed, clarified the definitions.
396
397    line 27: "mutual exclusion and synchronization" -- the former is a kind of
398    the latter, so I suggest "and other forms of synchronization".
399
400We have to agree to disagree. Included a citation that explains the
401differences.
402
403    line 30: "can either be a stackless or stackful" -- stray "a", but also,
404    this seems to be switching from generic/background terminology to
405    C\/-specific terminology.
406
407Fixed, but the terms stackless or stackful are not specific to Cforall; they
408are well known in the literature.
409
410    An expositional idea occurs: start the paper with a strawman naive/limited
411    realisation of coroutines -- say, Simon Tatham's popular "Coroutines in C"
412    web page -- and identify point by point what the limitations are and how
413    C\/ overcomes them. Currently the presentation is often flat (lacking
414    motivating contrasts) and backwards (stating solutions before
415    problems). The foregoing approach might fix both of these.
416
417We prefer the current structure of our paper and believe the paper does
418explain basic coding limitations and how they are overcome in using high-level
419control-floe mechanisms.
420
421    page 13: line 23: it seems a distraction to mention the Python feature
422    here.
423
424Why? It is the first location in the paper where dynamic allocation and
425initialization are mentioned.
426
427    p14 line 5: it seems odd to describe these as "stateless" just because they
428    lack shared mutable state. It means the code itself is even more
429    stateful. Maybe the "stack ripping" argument could usefully be given here.
430
431Fixed, changed "stateless" to "non-shared".
432
433    line 16: "too restrictive" -- would be good to have a reference to justify
434    this, or at least give a sense of what the state-of-the-art performance in
435    transactional memory systems is (both software and hardware)
436
437Fixed, added 2 citations.
438
439    line 22: "simulate monitors" -- what about just *implementing* monitors?
440    isn't that what these systems do? or is the point more about refining them
441    somehow into something more specialised?
442
443Fixed, changed "simulate monitors" to "manually implement a monitor".
444
445    p15: sections 4.1 and 4.2 seem adrift and misplaced. Split them into basic
446    parts (which go earlier) and more advanced parts (e.g. barging, which can
447    be explained later).
448
449Fixed, removed them by shortening and merging with previous section.
450
451    line 31: "acquire/release" -- misses an opportunity to contrast the
452    monitor's "enter/exit" abstraction with the less structured acquire/release
453    of locks.
454
455Fixed, added "by call/return" in sentence.
456
457    p16 line 12: the "implicit" versus "explicit" point is unclear. Is it
458    perhaps about the contract between an opt-in *discipline* and a
459    language-enforced *guarantee*?
460
461Fixed.
462
463    line 28: no need to spend ages dithering about which one is default and
464    which one is the explicit qualifier. Tell us what you decided, briefly
465    justify it, and move on.
466
467Fixed, shortened paragraph.
468
469    p17: Figure 11: since the main point seems to be to highlight bulk acquire,
470    include a comment which identifies the line where this is happening.
471
472Fixed.
473
474    line 2: "impossible to statically..." -- or dynamically. Doing it
475    dynamically would be perfectly acceptable (locking is a dynamic operation
476    after all)
477
478Fixed, clarified the "statically" applied to the unknown-sized pointer types.
479
480    "guarantees acquisition order is consistent" -- assuming it's done in a
481    single bulk acquire.
482
483Fixed.
484
485    p18: section 5.3: the text here is a mess. The explanations of "internal"
486    versus "external" scheduling are unclear, and "signals as hints" is not
487    explained. "... can cause thread starvation" -- means including a while
488    loop, or not doing so? "There are three signalling mechanisms.." but the
489    text does not follow that by telling us what they are. My own scribbled
490    attempt at unpicking the internal/external thing: "threads already in the
491    monitor, albeit waiting, have priority over those trying to enter".
492
493Fixed, rewrote and shortened paragraphs.
494
495    p19: line 3: "empty condition" -- explain that condition variables don't
496    store anything. So being "empty" means that the queue of waiting threads
497    (threads waiting to be signalled that the condition has become true) is
498    empty.
499
500Fixed, changed condition variable to condition queue throughout the paper.
501
502    line 6: "... can be transformed into external scheduling..." -- OK, but
503    give some motivation.
504
505The paper states that it removes the condition queues and signal/wait. Changed
506"transform" to "simplified".
507
508    p20: line 6: "mechnaism"
509
510Fixed.
511
512    lines 16--20: this is dense and can probably only be made clear with an
513    example
514   
515Fixed, rewrote and added example.
516
517    p21 line 21: clarify that nested monitor deadlock was describe earlier (in
518    5.2). (Is the repetition necessary?)
519
520Fixed, put in a forward reference, and the point bears repeating because
521releasing a subset of acquired monitors in unique to Cforall concurrency.
522
523    line 27: "locks, and by extension monitors" -- this is true but the "by
524    extension" argument is faulty. It is perfectly possible to use locks as a
525    primitive and build a compositional mechanism out of them,
526    e.g. transactions.
527
528True, but that is not what we said. Locks are not composable, monitors are
529built using locks not transactions, so by extension monitors are not composable.
530
531    p22 line 2: should say "restructured"
532
533Fixed.
534
535    line 33: "Implementing a fast subset check..." -- make clear that the
536    following section explains how to do this. Restructuring the sections
537    themselves could do this, or noting in the text.
538
539Fixed, added a forward reference to the following sections.
540
541    p23: line 3: "dynamic member adding, eg, JavaScript" -- needs to say "as
542    permitted in JavaScript", and "dynamically adding members" is stylistically
543    better
544
545Fixed.
546
547    p23: line 18: "urgent stack" -- back-reference to where this was explained
548    before
549
550Fixed.
551
552    p24 line 7: I did not understand what was more "direct" about "direct
553    communication". Also, what is a "passive monitor" -- just a monitor, given
554    that monitors are passive by design?
555
556The back half of line 7 defines "direct". For example, Go, Java, pthread
557threads cannot directly call/communicate with one another, where they can in
558Ada, uC++, and Cforall threads. Figure 18 show this exact difference.
559
560A monitor object is *passive* because it does not have a thread, while a Go,
561Java, Cforall "thread" object is *active* because it has a thread.
562
563    line 14 / section 5.9: this table was useful and it (or something like it)
564    could be used much earlier on to set the structure of the rest of the
565    paper.
566
567Fixed, Table 1 is moved to the start and explained in detail.
568
569    The explanation at present is too brief, e.g. I did not really understand
570    the point about cases 7 and 8. Table 1: what does "No / Yes" mean?
571
572Fixed, expanded the explanation.
573
574    p25 line 2: instead of casually dropping in a terse explanation for the
575    newly introduced term "virtual processor", introduce it
576    properly. Presumably the point is to give a less ambiguous meaning to
577    "thread" by reserving it only for C\/'s green threads.
578
579Fixed.
580
581    p26 line 15: "transforms user threads into fibres" -- a reference is needed
582    to explain what "fibres" means... guessing it's in the sense of Adya et al.
583
584Fixed. In a prior correct, the term fibre from Adya is defined.
585
586    line 20: "Microsoft runtime" -- means Windows?
587
588Fixed.
589
590    lines 21--26: don't say "interrupt" to mean "signal", especially not
591    without clear introduction. You can use "POSIX signal" to disambiguate from
592    condition variables' "signal".
593
594We have to agree to disagree on this terminology. Interrupt is the action of
595stopping the CPU while a signal is a specific kind of interrupt. The two terms
596seem to be well understood in the literature.
597
598    p27 line 3: "frequency is usually long" -- that's a "time period" or
599    "interval", not a frequency
600
601Fixed.
602
603    line 5: the lengthy quotation is not really necessary; just paraphrase the
604    first sentence and move on.
605
606Fixed.
607
608    line 20: "to verify the implementation" -- I don't think that means what is
609    intended
610
611Fixed, changed "verify" to "test".
612
613    Tables in section 7 -- too many significant figures. How many overall runs
614    are described? What is N in each case?
615
616Fixed. As stated, N=31.
617
618    p29 line 2: "to eliminate this cost" -- arguably confusing since nowadays
619    on commodity CPUs most of the benefits of inlining are not to do with call
620    overheads, but from later optimizations enabled as a consequence of the
621    inlining
622
623Fixed.
624
625    line 41: "a hierarchy" -- are they a hierarchy? If so, this could be
626    explained earlier. Also, to say these make up "an integrated set... of
627    control-flow features" verges on the tautologous.
628
629Fixed, rewrote sentence.
630
631    p30 line 15: "a common case being web servers and XaaS" -- that's two cases
632
633Fixed.
634
635============================================================================
636
637    Reviewing: 3
638
639    * Expand on the motivations for including both generator and coroutines, vs
640      trying to build one atop the other
641
642Fixed, Table 1 is moved to the start and explained in detail.
643
644    * Expand on the motivations for having both symmetric and asymmetric
645      coroutines?
646
647A coroutine is not marked as symmetric or asymmetric, it is a coroutine.
648Symmetric or asymmetric is a stylistic use of a coroutine. By analogy, a
649function is not marked as recursive or non-recursive. Recursion is a style of
650programming with a function. So there is no notion of motivation for having
651both symmetric and asymmetric as they follow from how a programmer uses suspend
652and resume.
653
654    * Comparison to async-await model adopted by other languages
655
656Fixed, added a new section on this topic.
657
658    * Consider performance comparisons against node.js and Rust frameworks
659
660Fixed.
661
662    * Discuss performance of monitors vs finer-grained memory models and atomic
663      operations found in other languages
664
665The paper never suggested high-level concurrency constructs can or should
666replace race programming or hardware atomics. The paper suggests programmers
667use high-level constructs when and where is it feasible because they are easy
668and safer to use. The monitor example of an atomic counter is just that, an
669example, not the way it should be done if maximal performance is required.  We
670have tried to make this point clear in the paper.
671
672    * Why both internal/external scheduling for synchronization?
673
674Some additional motivation has been added.
675
676    * Generators are not exposed as a "function" that returns a generator
677      object, but rather as a kind of struct, with communication happening via
678      mutable state instead of "return values".
679
680Yes, Cforall uses an object-style of coroutine, which allows multiple interface
681functions that pass and return values through a structure. This approach allows
682a generator function to have different kinds of return values and different
683kinds of parameters to produce those values. Our generators can provide this
684capability via multiple interface functions to the generator/coroutine state,
685which is discussed on page 5, lines 13-21.
686
687      That is, the generator must be manually resumed and (if I understood) it
688      is expected to store values that can then later be read (perhaps via
689      methods), instead of having a `yield <Expr>` statement that yields up a
690      value explicitly.
691
692All generators are manually resumed, e.g., Python/nodejs use "next" to resume a
693generator. Yes, yield <Expr> has a single interface with one input/return type,
694versus the Cforall approach allowing arbitrary number of interfaces of
695arbitrary types.
696
697    * Both "symmetric" and "asymmetric" generators are supported, instead of
698      only asymmetric.
699
700Yes, because they support different functionality as discussed in Chris
701Marlin's seminal work and both forms are implemented in Simula67. We did not
702invent symmetric and asymmetric generators/coroutines, we took them from the
703literature.
704
705    * Coroutines (multi-frame generators) are an explicit mechanism.
706
707    In most other languages, coroutines are rather built by layering
708    single-frame generators atop one another (e.g., using a mechanism like
709    async-await),
710
711We disagree. Node.js has async-await but has a separate coroutine feature.
712While there are claims that coroutines can be built from async-await and/or
713continuations, in actuality they cannot.
714
715    and symmetric coroutines are basically not supported. I'd like to see a bit
716    more justification for Cforall including all the above mechanisms -- it
717    seemed like symmetric coroutines were a useful building block for some of
718    the user-space threading and custom scheduler mechanisms that were briefly
719    mentioned later in the paper.
720
721Hopefully fixed by moving Table 1 forward.
722
723    In the discussion of coroutines, I would have expected a bit more of a
724    comparison to the async-await mechanism offered in other languages.
725
726We added a new section at the start to point out there is no comparison between
727coroutines and async-await.
728
729    Certainly the semantics of async-await in JavaScript implies
730    significantly more overhead (because each async fn is a distinct heap
731    object). [Rust's approach avoids this overhead][zc], however, and might be
732    worthy of a comparison (see the Performance section).
733
734We could not get Rust async-await to work, and when reading the description of
735rust async-await, it appears to be Java-style executors with futures (possibly
736fast futures).
737
738    There are several sections in the paper that compare against atomics -- for
739    example, on page 15, the paper shows a simple monitor that encapsulates an
740    integer and compares that to C++ atomics. Later, the paper compares the
741    simplicity of monitors against the `volatile` quantifier from Java. The
742    conclusion in section 8 also revisits this point.
743    While I agree that monitors are simpler, they are obviously also
744    significantly different from a performance perspective -- the paper doesn't
745    seem to address this at all. It's plausible that (e.g.) the `Aint` monitor
746    type described in the paper can be compiled and mapped to the specialized
747    instructions offered by hardware, but I didn't see any mention of how this
748    would be done.
749
750Fixed, see response above.
751
752    There is also no mention of the more nuanced memory ordering
753    relations offered by C++11 and how one might achieve similar performance
754    characteristics in Cforall (perhaps the answer is that one simply doesn't
755    need to; I think that's defensible, but worth stating explicitly).
756
757Cforall is built on C, and therefore has full access to all the gcc atomics,
758and automatically gets any gcc updates.  Furthermore, section 6.9 states that
759Cforall provides the full panoply of low-level locks, as does Java, Go, C++,
760for performance programming.
761
762    Cforall includes both internal and external scheduling; I found the
763    explanation for the external scheduling mechanism to be lacking in
764    justification. Why include both mechanisms when most languages seem to make
765    do with only internal scheduling? It would be useful to show some scenarios
766    where external scheduling is truly more powerful.
767
768Fixed. Pointed out external scheduling is simpler as part of rewriting in that
769section, and added additional examples.
770
771    I would have liked to see some more discussion of external scheduling and
772    how it interacts with software engineering best practices. It seems
773    somewhat similar to AOP in certain regards. It seems to add a bit of "extra
774    semantics" to monitor methods, in that any method may now also become a
775    kind of synchronization point.
776
777Fixed somewhat. Pointed out that external scheduling has been around for a long
778time (40 years) in Ada, so there is a body of the software-engineering
779experience using it. As well, I have been teaching it for 30 years in the
780concurrency course at Waterloo. We don't know what software engineering best
781practices you imagine it interacting with. Yes, monitor functions are
782synchronization points with external scheduling.
783
784    The "open-ended" nature of this feels like it could easily lead to subtle
785    bugs, particularly when code refactoring occurs (which may e.g. split an
786    existing method into two).
787
788Any time a public interface is refactored, it invalids existing calls, so there
789is always an issue. For mutex routines and external scheduling, the waitfor
790statements may have to be updated, but that update is part of the refactoring.
791
792    This seems particularly true if external scheduling can occur across
793    compilation units -- the paper suggested that this is true, but I wasn't
794    entirely clear.
795
796Every aspect of Cforall allows separate compilation. The function prototypes
797necessary for separate compilation provide all the information necessary to
798compile any aspect of a program.
799
800    I would have also appreciated a few more details on how external scheduling
801    is implemented. It seems to me that there must be some sort of "hooks" on
802    mutex methods so that they can detect whether some other function is
803    waiting on them and awaken those blocked threads. I'm not sure how such
804    hooks are inserted, particularly across compilation units.
805
806Hooks are inserted by the Cforall translator, in the same way that Java
807inserted hooks into a "synchronized" member of a monitor. As for Java, as long
808as the type information is consistent across compilation units, the correct
809code is inserted.
810
811    The material in Section 5.6 didn't quite clarify the matter for me. For
812    example, it left me somewhat confused about whether the `f` and `g`
813    functions declared were meant to be local to a translation unit, or shared
814    with other unit.
815
816There are no restrictions with respect to static or external mutex functions.
817Cforall is C. Any form of access or separate compilation in C applies to
818Cforall. As in C, function prototypes carry all necessary information to
819compile the code.
820
821    To start, I did not realize that the `mutex_opt` notation was a keyword, I
822    thought it was a type annotation. I think this could be called out more
823    explicitly.
824
825Fixed, indicated "mutex" is a C-style parameter-only declaration type-qualifier.
826
827    Later, in section 5.2, the paper discusses `nomutex` annotations, which
828    initially threw me, as they had not been introduced (now I realize that
829    this paragraph is there to justify why there is no such keyword). The
830    paragraph might be rearranged to make that clearer, perhaps by leading with
831    the choice that Cforall made.
832
833Fixed, rewrote paragraph removing nomutex.
834
835    On page 17, the paper states that "acquiring multiple monitors is safe from
836    deadlock", but this could be stated a bit more precisely: acquiring
837    multiple monitors in a bulk-acquire is safe from deadlock (deadlock can
838    still result from nested acquires).
839
840Fixed.
841
842    On page 18, the paper states that wait states do not have to be enclosed in
843    loops, as there is no concern of barging. This seems true but there are
844    also other reasons to use loops (e.g., if there are multiple reasons to
845    notify on the same condition). Thus the statement initially surprised me,
846    as barging is only one of many reasons that I typically employ loops around
847    waits.
848
849Fixed. Rewrote the sentence. Note, for all non-barging cases where you employ a
850loop around a wait, the unblocking task must change state before blocking
851again.  In the barging case, the unblocking thread blocks again without
852changing state.
853
854    I did not understand the diagram in Figure 12 for some time. Initially, I
855    thought that it was generic to all monitors, and I could not understand the
856    state space. It was only later that I realized it was specific to your
857    example. Updating the caption from "Monitor scheduling to "Monitor
858    scheduling in the example from Fig 13" might have helped me quite a bit.
859
860Fixed, updated text to clarify. Did not change the caption because the
861signal_block does not apply to Figure 13.
862
863    I spent quite some time reading the boy/girl dating example (\*) and I
864    admit I found it somewhat confusing. For example, I couldn't tell whether
865    there were supposed to be many "girl" threads executing at once, or if
866    there was only supposed to be one girl and one boy thread executing in a
867    loop.
868
869The paper states:
870
871  The dating service matches girl and boy threads with matching compatibility
872  codes so they can exchange phone numbers.
873
874so there are many girl/boy threads. There is nothing preventing an individual
875girl/boy from arranging multiple dates.
876
877    Are the girl/boy threads supposed to invoke the girl/boy methods or vice
878    versa?
879
880As long as the girls/boys are consistent in the calls, it does not matter. The
881goal is to find a partner and exchange phone numbers.
882
883    Surely there is some easier way to set this up?
884
885There are some other solutions using monitors but they all have a similar
886structure.
887
888    The paper offered a number of comparisons to Go, C#, Scala, and so forth,
889    but seems to have overlooked another recent language, Rust. In many ways,
890    Rust seems to be closest in philosophy to Cforall, so it seems like an odd
891    omission. I already mentioned above that Rust is in the process of shipping
892    [async-await syntax][aa], which is definitely an alternative to the
893    generator/coroutine approach in Cforall (though one with clear pros/cons).
894
895We cannot get rust async-await example programs to compile nor does the select!
896macro compile.
897
898  @plg2[1]% rustc --version
899  rustc 1.40.0 (73528e339 2019-12-16)
900 
901  @plg2[2]% cat future.rs
902  use futures::executor::block_on;
903 
904  async fn hello_world() {
905      println!("hello, world!");
906  }
907 
908  fn main() {
909      let future = hello_world(); // Nothing is printed
910      block_on(future); // `future` is run and "hello, world!" is printed
911  }
912 
913  @plg2[3]% rustc -C opt-level=3 future.rs
914  error[E0670]: `async fn` is not permitted in the 2015 edition
915   --> future.rs:3:1
916    |
917  3 | async fn hello_world() {
918    | ^^^^^
919 
920  error[E0433]: failed to resolve: maybe a missing crate `futures`?
921   --> future.rs:1:5
922    |
923  1 | use futures::executor::block_on;
924    |     ^^^^^^^ maybe a missing crate `futures`?
925 
926  error[E0425]: cannot find function `block_on` in this scope
927   --> future.rs:9:5
928    |
929  9 |     block_on(future); // `future` is run and "hello, world!" is printed
930    |     ^^^^^^^^ not found in this scope
931 
932  error: aborting due to 3 previous errors
933 
934  Some errors have detailed explanations: E0425, E0433, E0670.
935  For more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0425`.
936
937
938    In the performance section in particular, you might consider comparing
939    against some of the Rust web servers and threading systems.
940
941This paper is not about building web-servers. Nor are web-servers a reasonable
942benchmark for language concurrency. Web-servers are a benchmark for
943non-blocking I/O library efficiency accessed in the underlying operating
944system. Our prior work on web-server performance:
945
946@inproceedings{Pariag07,
947    author      = {David Pariag and Tim Brecht and Ashif Harji and Peter Buhr and Amol Shukla},
948    title       = {Comparing the Performance of Web Server Architectures},
949    booktitle   = {Proceedings of the 2007 Eurosys conference},
950    month       = mar,
951    year        = 2007,
952    pages       = {231--243},
953}
954
955@inproceedings{Harji12,
956    author      = {Ashif S. Harji and Peter A. Buhr and Tim Brecht},
957    title       = {Comparing High-Performance Multi-core Web-Server Architectures},
958    booktitle   = {Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference},
959    series      = {SYSTOR '12},
960    publisher   = {ACM},
961    address     = {New York, NY, USA},
962    location    = {Haifa, Israel},
963    month       = jun,
964    year        = 2012,
965    articleno   = 1,
966    pages       = {1:1--1:12},
967}
968
969shows the steps to build a high-performance web-server, which are largely
970independent of the server architecture and programing language.
971
972    It would seem worth trying to compare their "context switching" costs as
973    well -- I believe both actix and tokio have a notion of threads that could
974    be readily compared.
975
976Again, context-switching speed is largely irrelevant because the amount of code
977to process an http request is large enough to push any concurrency costs into
978the background.
979
980    Another addition that might be worth considering is to compare against
981    node.js promises, although I think the comparison to process creation is
982    not as clean.
983
984Done.
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